| 词条 | Sonargöltr |
| 释义 |
The {{lang|non|sonargǫltr}} or {{lang|non|sónargǫltr}} was the boar sacrificed as part of the celebration of Yule in Germanic paganism, on whose bristles solemn vows were made, a tradition known as {{lang|non|heitstrenging}}. {{lang|non|Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks}} refers to the tradition of swearing oaths on Yule Eve by laying hands on the bristles of the boar, who was then sacrificed in the {{lang|non|sonar-blót}}:{{Verse translation |lang=non|Ok skyldi þeim gelti blóta at sónarblóti. Jólaaptan skyldi leiða sónargöltinn í höll fyrir konúng; lögðu menn þá hendr yfir burst hans ok strengja heit.[1][2] |And they would sacrifice a boar in the {{lang|non|sonarblót}}. On Yule Eve the sonar-boar was led into the hall before the king; then people laid their hands on its bristles and made vows. }} One of the prose segments in "{{lang|non|Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar}}" adds that the oaths were sworn while drinking the {{lang|non|bragarfull}} toast: {{Verse translation |lang=non|Um kveldit [jólaaftan] óru heitstrengingar. Var fram leiddr sónargöltr. Lögðu menn þar á hendr sínar ok strengðu menn þá heit at bragarfulli. |That evening [of Yule Eve] the great vows were taken; the sacred boar was brought in, the men laid their hands thereon, and took their vows at the king's toast.[3] }} In {{lang|non|Ynglinga saga}} the {{lang|non|sonarblót}} is used for divination ({{lang|non|til frettar}}).[4][5] The association with the Yule {{lang|non|blót}} and with the ceremonial {{lang|non|bragarfull}} gives the vows great solemnity, so that they have the force of oaths. This becomes a recurring topos in later sagas,[6] although we have only these two saga mentions attesting to the custom of making vows on the sacrificial animal.[7] The choice of a boar indicates a connection with Freyr, whose mount is the gold-bristled boar {{lang|non|Gullinbursti}},[4][8] and the continuing Swedish tradition of eating pig-shaped cakes at Christmas recalls the early custom.[5][9][10][11] According to Olaus Verelius's notes in his 1672 edition of {{lang|non|Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks}}, part of this {{lang|non|jula-galt}} would then be saved for mixing with the seed-corn and giving to the plough-horses and ploughmen at spring planting.[12] As Jacob Grimm pointed out, the serving of a boar's head at banquets and particularly at Queen's College, Oxford may also be a reminiscence of the Yule boar-{{lang|non|blót}}.[13][14][15] Gabriel Turville-Petre suggested that names for {{lang|non|Freyr}} and his sister {{lang|non|Freyja}} which equate them with a boar and a sow respectively implied that consumption of the sacrificed boar was believed to be consumption of the god's flesh and absorption of his power.[16] It was formerly usual to spell the word {{lang|non|sónargǫltr}} and to interpret it as "atonement-boar" (the rare element {{lang|non|sónar-}} can also mean "sacrifice").[9][17] However, following Eduard Sievers, it is usually now spelled with a short {{lang|non|o}} and taken as meaning "herd boar, leading boar", as Lombardic {{lang|lng|sonarþair}} is defined in the {{lang|la|Edictus Rothari}} as the boar "which fights and beats all other boars in the herd".[4][5][14] References1. ^{{lang|non|Saga Heiðreks konungs ins vitra}}, H-text of {{lang|non|Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks}}, chapter 10, from Heimskringla.no. Note that this text uses the {{lang|non|sónar}} spelling. 2. ^For the alternate version, in which the procedure is the same but the word {{lang|non|sonargǫltr}} does not occur, see Richard North, Heathen Gods in Old English Literature, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 22, Cambridge, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-521-55183-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&pg=PP1&dq=Heathen+Gods+in+Old+English+Literature&lr=&ei=g2DTSqn6CIiWMPrOkIsO#v=onepage&q=sacred%20pig%2C%20gold%2C%20winter%20festival&f=false p. 74]. 3. ^"{{lang|non|Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar}}", prose before verse 31, Old Norse and Henry Adams Bellows' translation from voluspa.org. Again the {{lang|non|sónar}} spelling is used. 4. ^1 2 "{{lang|non|Sonargǫltr}}", Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology, tr. Angela Hall, Cambridge: Brewer, 1993, repr. 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-85991-369-0}}, p. 298. 5. ^1 2 Jan de Vries, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, Volume 1, Grundriß der germanischen Philologie begründet von Hermann Paul 12/I, 2nd ed. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1956, repr. as 3rd ed. 1970, {{OCLC|747429}}, p. 367 {{de icon}}. 6. ^de Vries, p. 504. 7. ^Peter Habbe, Att se och tänka med ritual: kontrakterande ritualer i de isländska släktsagorna, Vägar till Midgård 7, Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2005, {{ISBN|9789189116795}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DXgyEBtb51cC&pg=RA1-PA43&dq=offergalten&hl=en&ei=KziITtqhEYvDswbXwZzhAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=offergalten&f=false p. 43] {{sv icon}}. 8. ^Ruth Schmidt-Wiegand points to a prohibition in the Salic law that suggests the Franks sacrificed only the generative organs of the boar to the fertility god Freyr, reserving the rest for the feast: "{{lang|de|Spuren paganer Religiosität in den frühmittelalterlichen Leges}}", in {{lang|de|Iconologia sacra: Mythos, Bildkunst und Dichtung in der Religions- und Sozialgeschichte Alteuropas: Festschrift für Karl Hauck zum 75. Geburtstag}}, ed. Hagen Keller and Nikolaus Staubach, {{lang|de|Arbeiten zur Frühmittelalterforschung 23}}, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1994, {{ISBN|978-3-11-013255-7}}, pp. 249–62, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ih4duN9rlUwC&pg=PA257&dq=Sonarg%C3%B6ltr&hl=en&ei=gMhnTuyzC6XZiALO1ZGiCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Sonarg%C3%B6ltr&f=false pp. 256–57] {{de icon}}. 9. ^1 Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, tr. James Steven Stallybrass, Volume 1, London: Bell, 1882, [https://books.google.com/books?id=neQtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Grimm+Donnerbart&hl=en&ei=qYASTuKJGZCasAO81eSsDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=expiatory%20boar&f=false p. 51]. 10. ^H. F. Feilberg, Jul, volume 2, Copenhagen: Schuboth, 1904, pp. 313–14 {{da icon}}. 11. ^Helge Rosén, "Freykult och Djurkult", Fornvännen 1913, pp. 213–44, pp. 214–15, pdf {{sv icon}}. 12. ^Grimm, Volume 3, 1883, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBwAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1240&dq=Grimm,+Teutonic+Mythology+%22give+it+to+the+plough-horses%22&hl=en&ei=hs5mTveHFKrPiAKkmNGkCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 1240]. 13. ^Grimm, Volume 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=neQtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Grimm+Donnerbart&hl=en&ei=qYASTuKJGZCasAO81eSsDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=boar%27s%20head&f=false p. 215]; Volume 4, 1883, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xMAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1355&dq=Grimm+Teutonic+Mythology+%22On+the+boar%27s+head+served+up+at+Christmas%22&hl=en&ei=uMpmTq_cHo_RiALDj9X9CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 1355]. 14. ^1 Rosén, p. 214. 15. ^Ernst Anton Quitzmann, Die heidnische Religion der Baiwaren: erster faktischer Beweis für die Abstammung dieses Volkes, Leipzig: Winter, 1860, OCLC 252676776, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0sgCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA85&dq=Sonarg%C3%B6ltr&hl=en&ei=9c1nToGOG8PiiAL1rMzFDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=sticht%20in%20Baiern&f=false p. 86] {{de icon}} notes that Bavarian farmers feasted on a slaughtered pig at Yule. 16. ^E. O. G. Turville-Petre, Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia, London: Weidenfeld, 1964, {{OCLC|645398380}}, p. 255; Habbe wrongly sees this as referring to a bear sacrifice. 17. ^"{{lang|is|Són}}", An Icelandic–English Dictionary, initiated by Richard Cleasby, subsequently revised, enlarged, and completed by {{lang|is|Guðbrandur Vigfússon}}, 2nd ed. with supplement by William A. Craigie, Oxford: Oxford/Clarendon, 1957, repr. 1975, {{ISBN|978-0-19-863103-3}}, p. 580, online at Germanic Lexicon Project. Sources
3 : Freyr|Germanic animal sacrifice|Religious oaths |
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