“The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1939 American film starring Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Hara.^[3]^[4] Directed by William Dieterle and produced by Pandro S. Berman, the film is based on Victor Hugo's 1831 novel.

Plot

Prologue

"With the end of the 15th century, the Middle Ages came to a close. Europe began to see great changes. France, ravaged by a hundred years of war, at last found peace. The people under Louis XI felt free to hope again ~ to dream of progress. But superstition and prejudice often stood in the way, seeking to crush the adventurous spirit of man."

Summary

In Paris during the late Middle Ages, Louis XI, the King of France, and his Chief Justice of Paris, Jean Frollo,^[5] visit a printing shop. Frollo is determined to do everything in his power to protect Paris from anything he sees as evil, including the printing press and gypsies, who at the time are persecuted and prohibited from entering Paris without a permit. That day is Paris' annual celebration, the Feast of Fools. Pierre Gringoire, a poor street poet, does a play in front of an audience until is interrupted by Clopin, the King of the Beggars. Esmeralda, a young gypsy girl, is seen dancing in front of an audience of people. Quasimodo, the hunchback and bell ringer of Notre Dame Cathedral, is crowned the King of Fools until Frollo catches up to him and takes him back to the church.

While trying to find the King to speak to him, Esmeralda is caught by guards for entering Paris without a permit and is being chased after until she seeks safety in Notre Dame, in which the Archbishop of Paris, Frollo's brother Claude,^[6]^[7]^[8] protects her. She prays to the Virgin Mary to help her fellow gypsies only to be confronted by Frollo, who accuses her of being a heathen. Afterwards, she asks King Louis to help her people, to which he agrees. Frollo then takes her up to the bell tower where they encounter Quasimodo, of whom she is frightened. As she runs away from the hunchback, Frollo commands Quasimodo to chase after her and kidnap her. Quasimodo catches up to Esmeralda and physically carries her away. Gringoire witnesses all this, and calls out to Captain Phoebus and his guards, who capture Quasimodo just in time. Esmeralda is then saved and starts falling in love with Phoebus. Gringoire later accidentally trespasses the Court of Miracles, and is about to be hanged by the beggars under Clopin's orders until Esmeralda saves him by marrying him. Afterwards, Frollo orders the guards to arrest and round up the gypsy girls to make an inspection in an attempt to find Esmeralda, but realizes that she is not present in the group and releases them.

The next day, Quasimodo is sentenced to be lashed in the square and publicly humiliated afterwards. He then asks the Parisian townspeople for water. Frollo, seeing this, realizes that he can't stop the sentence in time because it already happened, and abandons Quasimodo instead of helping him. However, Esmeralda arrives and gives Quasimodo water, and this awakens the hunchback's love for her.

Later that night, Esmeralda is invited by the nobles to their party. Frollo shows up to the party, where he confesses to Esmeralda his lust for her in a hiding place. Afterwards, she dances with a black goat named Aristotle in front of the nobles and moves away from the crowd with Phoebus to a garden where they share a moment between each other. Frollo then kills Phoebus out of jealousy, and Esmeralda is wrongly accused of his death. Gringoire visits her in the prison cell to console her and tells her that he will help her to get her free. Frollo arrives at Notre Dame where he confesses the crime to his brother, and, knowing that the Archbishop refuses to help him because he is the murderer, intends to sentence Esmeralda to death for it (which he does), saying that she has "bewitched" him. Gringoire tries to get Esmeralda free by writing an appeal, but fails when the printing press gets destroyed by soldiers under Frollo's orders. He also tries to claim Esmeralda's innocence in the courtroom, but also fails and Frollo orders his soldiers to take him away. Quasimodo also shows up to the courtroom to save Esmeralda by saying that he committed the crime, but gets mocked by the Parisians and dragged by the soldiers. After Esmeralda is forced under torture to confess to the crime she did not commit, King Louis XI shows up to the courtroom and attempts to help Esmeralda by offering her a trial by ordeal, in which she is blindfolded and must reach out to choose one of two daggers placed on the table before her: her own dagger (which will indicate her guilt if chosen) or the king's dagger (which will demonstrate her innocence). When Esmeralda chose her dagger, the judgement is against her and Frollo sentences her to be hanged in the gallows. As Esmeralda is being taken in front of Notre Dame to do public penance, the Archbishop claims her innocence and does not allow her to do penance; however, Frollo still orders Esmeralda to be hanged in the gallows. However, as she is about to be hanged, Quasimodo saves her by taking her to the cathedral.

When Gringoire and Clopin realize that the nobles are planning to revoke Notre Dame's right of sanctuary, they both try different methods in order to save Esmeralda from hanging. Gringoire writes a pamphlet that will prevent this from happening, and Clopin leads the beggars to storm the cathedral. At the Palace of Justice, Frollo reads the pamphlet to King Louis. After seeing a crowd protesting against the removal of Notre Dame's sanctuary law, the King realizes that the pamphlet is creating public opinion, which can influence kings to make decisions. However, Frollo warns him that public opinion is dangerous. After the Archbishop arrives to inform the King of Notre Dame's attack and that Esmeralda is innocent, Frollo confesses his crime to the King, for which Louis orders Olivier to arrest him. Afterwards, the King talks to Gringoire after reading his pamphlet.

Meanwhile, Quasimodo and the guards of Paris fight off Clopin and the beggars. Afterwards, he sees Frollo in the bell tower seeking to harm Esmeralda, and when he comes up, Frollo tries to stop him. Frollo then attempts to kill Quasimodo with a dagger, but Quasimodo, realizing Frollo's evil nature, stops him and in defense for himself and Esmeralda he throws Frollo off the cathedral top to his death. Later that morning, Esmeralda is pardoned by the King and freed from hanging due to the success of Gringoire's pamphlet. Her Gypsy people are also finally freed. Then, she comes to truly love Gringoire and leaves with him and a huge cheering crowd out of the public square. Quasimodo sees all this from high on the cathedral and says sadly to a gargoyle, "Why was I not made of stone, like thee?".

Cast

Production

In 1932, it was reported by The Hollywood Reporter that Universal announced that it would remake the 1923 Hunchback of Notre Dame film with John Huston writing a script and that Boris Karloff would play Quasimodo.^[9]

Irving Thalberg, who was an uncredited producer in the 1923 film, considered to remake the film in 1934 and even discussed the idea with Charles Laughton. Two years later, Universal regained interest in a remake, with a fan poll being instrumental in influencing the studio in making the film. Ronald Colman, Paul Muni, Fredric March, Lionel Barrymore and Peter Lorre were the choices in the poll and in the end, Universal decided to go with Lorre, even as far as negotiating with the actor to star in the film, but the project never materialized.

A year later, Carl Laemmle, Jr. persuaded Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to buy the property from Universal as a star-vehicle for Muni. Metro refused and sold the rights to RKO, with Pandro S. Berman producing and William Dieterle directing.^[10]

For this production RKO Radio Pictures built on their movie ranch a massive medieval city of Paris and Notre Dame Cathedral in the San Fernando Valley.^[11] This was one of the largest and most extravagant sets ever constructed.

Screenwriter Sonya Levien, who was entrusted to translate Hugo's novel into this film, made the story relevant to the events of the time the film was made: she made the obvious parallel between Paris' persecution of the gypsies and Germany's treatment of the Jews prior to World War II.^[11]

Casting

After hearing the news that RKO was going to remake the 1923 film, Lon Chaney, Jr. sought to play the role of Quasimodo and screen-tested for the studio. While the studio felt that Chaney gave excellent performances in his numerous screen tests, other actors would be more suitable for the part, Orson Welles being one of the many considered. Laughton was set to star as Quasimodo, but RKO offered Chaney the role when it seemed like the British actor would be unable to work in America due to troubles with the IRS. Luckily, Laughton managed to overcome his problems and got the part.^[12]

Pleased with her work on Alfred Hitchcock's Jamaica Inn, Laughton brought a then 18-year old Maureen O'Hara to Hollywood to play Esmeralda. This marked O'Hara's American screen debut.^[11] According to actress Kathryn Adams, she was supposed to play Esmeralda, but lost the role to O'Hara when Laughton cabled from Ireland to Hollywood that he was "bringing Esmeralda". Adams played a companion of Fleur as compensation for losing the role.^[13]

Dieterle wanted Claude Rains to play Frollo, but before he agreed to play the part, he had an unexpected encounter with Laughton on the Universal lot in which Laughton was very condescending. Rains, who had mentored Laughton and John Gielgud at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts, later remarked that their encounter at the lot was the end of their relationship and refused to play the role, which would be played by Cedric Hardwicke.^[14]

Filming

With a budget of 1,8 million, Hunchback proved to be one of the most expensive movies ever made by the studio. It was shot at the RKO Encino Ranch, with the interiors of the bell tower being shot at the Mudd Hall of Philosophy.

The sets of Paris and the Notre Dame Cathedral were constructed by Van Nest Polglase at the cost of $250,000, while Darrell Silvera worked as set decorator. Walter Plunkett oversaw the costume design and Joseph H. August served as cinematographer, this film being the first of his three collaborations with Dieterle.

Filming proved to be difficult for the cast and crew due to the hot temperatures, particularly for Laughton, who had to act with a lot of makeup. In her autobiography, O'Hara recalls one day arriving on the set and finding chimpanzees, baboons and gorillas. Dieterle wanted monks to be on the set but his assistant mistakenly thought he wanted monkeys because of his poor English and thick German accent.

When Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on September 1, most of the cast and crew was in a state of fear of what was going to happen. Laughton lightened the mood by reciting the Gettysburg Address (that he had recited in Ruggles of Red Gap). Another incident of emotional filming was the filming of the scene where Quasimodo rings the bells in the tower of the cathedral for Esmeralda. Feeling in pain because his native Britain had declared war on Germany, Laughton rang the bells over and over again until he fell down from exhaustion, overwhelming the crew with emotion.^[15]

Censorship

The characters of Claude and Jehan Frollo are changed from the novel, as was done in the 1923 film. Such changes were made because the filmmakers were concerned that portraying the priest as a villain would violate the policy of the Hays Production Code.^[16] In the novel Claude is depicted as the villainous 36-year-old Archdeacon of Notre Dame; in the film he is the good Archbishop of Paris and is older in age. His younger brother Jehan ("Jean" in the film), who in the novel is a teenaged drunken student and a juvenile delinquent, is in the film a middle-aged villain who is Paris' chief justice and a close advisor to King Louis XI.

Award nominations

Reception

On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 100%, based on 11 reviews from critics.^[18] Variety called the film a "super thriller-chiller" but found that the elaborate sets tended to overwhelm the story, particularly in the first half.^[19] Harrison's Reports wrote, "Very good! Audiences should be thrilled anew by this lavish remake of Victor Hugo's famous novel."^[20] Film Daily called it "compelling, dynamic entertainment."^[21] John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that Laughton "achieves something like a tour de force. The lines themselves (such modernisms as 'to buy protection'), along with a perfunctory plot arrangement, are among the weak features of the film, which otherwise is a vivid pictorial drama of fifteenth-century Paris."^[22] E. H. Harvey of The Harvard Crimson said that the film "in all is more than entertaining." He said that "the mediocre effects offer a forceful contrast to the great moments" in the film.^[23] However, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times wrote a mostly negative review of the film, finding it "little more" than "a freak show". Though he acknowledged it was "handsome enough of production and its cast is expert," he called it "almost unrelievedly brutal and without the saving grace of unreality which makes Frankenstein's horrors a little comic."^[24]

The movie was very popular but because of its cost only made a profit of $100,000.^[2]

Home video

The Hunchback of Notre Dame was released on September 21, 2001, on DVD by Image Entertainment. It was issued on Blu-ray disc by Warner Brothers on June 9, 2015.

References

1. ^{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1993 |editor-last=Hanson |editor-first=Patricia King |title=The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931-1940 |url= |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |publisher=University of California Press |page=976 |isbn=0-520-07908-6 |accessdate= }}
2. ^¹²Richard Jewel, 'RKO Film Grosses: 1931-1951', Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television, Vol 14 No 1, 1994 p37-49
3. ^Variety film review; December 20, 1939, page 14.
4. ^Harrison's Reports film review; December 23, 1939, page 202.
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aycyas.com/liz_hnd.htm|title=And You Call Yourself a Scientist! - The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)|website=www.aycyas.com}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2910/The-Hunchback-of-Notre-Dame/articles.html|title=The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) - Articles - TCM.com|website=Turner Classic Movies}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/29877%7C0/The-Hunchback-of-Notre-Dame.html|title=The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)|website=Turner Classic Movies}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://homepages.sover.net/~ozus/hunchbackofnotredame.htm|title=hunchbackofnotredame|first=Dennis|last=Schwartz|website=homepages.sover.net}}
9. ^{{cite book | first = Allen | last = Cohen | author2 = Harry Lawton | title = John Huston: A Guide to References and Resources | publisher = GK Hall | year= 1997| isbn= 9780816116195}}
10. ^{{cite book | first = Bryan | last = Senn| title = Golden Horrors: An Illustrated Critical Filmography of Terror Cinema, 1931–1939 | publisher = McFarland | year= 1996| isbn= 9781476610894 }}
11. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/29877%7C0/The-Hunchback-of-Notre-Dame.html |title=The Hunchback OF Notre Dame (1939) |last=McGee |first=Scott |date= |website= |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=12 March 2019 |quote=}}
12. ^{{cite book | first = Don G. | last = Smith| title = Lon Chaney, Jr.: Horror Film Star, 1906-1973 | publisher = McFarland | year= 1996| isbn= 9781476603964 }}
13. ^{{cite book | first =Michael G.| last = Fitzgerald | author2= Boyd Magers | title = Ladies of the Western: Interviews with Fifty-One More Actresses from the Silent Era to the Television Westerns of the 1950s and 1960s. | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | year= 2002| isbn=9780786426560 }}
14. ^{{cite book | first =David J.| last = Skall | author2= Jessica Rains | title = Claude Rains: An Actor's Voice | publisher = University Press of Kentucky | year= 2008| isbn=9780813124322 }}
15. ^{{cite book | first =Maureen| last = O'Hara | title = Tis Herself: An Autobiography | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year= 2004| isbn=9780743269162 }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Hunchback-of-Notre-Dame-film-1939|title=The Hunchback of Notre Dame - film by Dieterle [1939]|publisher=}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1940 |title=The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=2011-08-12|work=oscars.org}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1010215_hunchback_of_notre_dame?|title=The Hunchback of Notre Dame|publisher=rottentomatoes.com}}
19. ^{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=December 20, 1939 |title=Film Reviews |url= |magazine=Variety |location=New York |publisher=Variety, Inc. |page=14 |accessdate= }}
20. ^{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=December 23, 1939 |title=The Hunchback of Notre Dame |url= |journal=Harrison's Reports |location=New York |publisher=Harrison's Reports, Inc. |page=202 |accessdate= }}
21. ^{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=December 15, 1939 |title=Reviews of the New Films |url= |journal=Film Daily |location=New York |publisher=Wid's Films & Film Folk, Inc. |page=4 |accessdate= }}
22. ^{{cite magazine |last=Mosher |first=John |authorlink=John Mosher (writer) |date=December 30, 1939 |title=The Current Cinema |url= |magazine=The New Yorker |location=New York |publisher=F-R Publishing Corp. |page=51 |accessdate= }}
23. ^Harvey, E. H. "The Hunchback of Notre Dame." The Harvard Crimson. Wednesday December 16, 1953. Retrieved on February 20, 2010.
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E01E3DB133EE23ABC4953DFB766838B659EDE |title=Movie Review - The Hunchback of Notre Dame |last=Nugent |first=Frank S. |authorlink=Frank Nugent |date=January 1, 1940 |website=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |accessdate=September 18, 2015 }}