| 词条 | South Mole, Gibraltar Harbour |
| 释义 |
The South Mole is a breakwater located in the southern section of Gibraltar Harbour, in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, at the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula. Previously known as the New Mole and New Mole Extension, the South Mole, with the rest of harbour, is just north of the east entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. HistoryThe South Mole at Gibraltar Harbour is one of a trio of breakwaters that provides protection to the harbour, in addition to that which results from the presence of the Rock of Gibraltar on its east side. The South Mole is positioned at the southwestern aspect of the harbour, and is {{convert|1,100|ft|m}} in length. The Gibdock shipyard and Royal Naval base are also in the southern section of the harbour,[1] the wharfage of the shipyard including {{convert|435|m|ft}} of the South Mole. Repair berths along the breakwater can accommodate vessels up to 150,000 deadweight tonnage (dwt).[2] During construction in the 1880s, a railway and two new tunnels were created to take large quantities of quarried stone to assist in the Mole's creation. One of these tunnels was by Camp Bay and the other was under the Parson's Lodge Battery.[3] The north end of the South Mole, its "A" Head, is the site of the Gibraltar South Mole Lighthouse. The location gives the tower its alternate name of the Gibraltar "A" Head Lighthouse. Its light characteristic is a quick, flashing white light, with a range of fifteen nautical miles. The black, cast-iron, skeletal tower continues to be active as an aid to navigation and is operated by the Gibraltar Port Authority.[4][5] The south entrance to Gibraltar Harbour, between the "A" Head of the South Mole and the "B" Head of the Detached Mole, is controlled by the Queen's Harbourmaster. Berths utilised by U.S. Navy ships on the South Mole include Piers 48, 49, and 50.[6] The South Mole was formerly known as the New Mole and New Mole Extension, to distinguish it from the Old Mole at the northeastern corner of the harbour. Construction of the New Mole was begun by the Spanish in 1620.[7] It underwent extension a variety of times, eventually reaching a length of {{convert|1,400|ft|m}}. It was built of rubble stone. The New Mole Extension was added about the turn of the twentieth century. The {{convert|2,700|ft|m}} extension, together with the New Mole length of {{convert|1,400|ft|m}}, resulted in a total length of {{convert|4,100|ft|m}} for the New Mole and New Mole Extension together, by 1911.[7] This is more than the length indicated by the Gibraltar Port Authority one hundred years later, in 2011.[1][7] In 1916, the length of the south entrance to the harbour was reported to be {{convert|600|ft|m}}. At that time, coal stores lined almost the entire length of the South Mole.[8] SS RosslynIn January 1916, the SS Rosslyn, a more than 3,600 ton steamship commanded by Captain William Fishey, departed from Liverpool, England. The ship was 340 feet long and built in 1902.[9] After the ship's cargo was unloaded at Muros, Spain, the captain was directed to set a course for Gibraltar, where he was instructed to anchor off the South Mole, outside the harbour. After an uneventful week at anchor, the weather changed for the worse on 27 February 1916. The following day, gale-force winds repeatedly dashed the ship against the recently completed South Mole. Despite the efforts of tugs provided by the Royal Navy and the Gibraltar Harbour authority, the ship sank off the South Mole.[10][11] The Gibraltar Chronicle of 1 March 1916 reported:[12] {{quote|The Cardiff steamer Rosslyn, of 3,679 tons gross, in ballast, dragged her anchor on Monday afternoon and was driven by the South-West gale on to the new Mole Breakwater. The dangerous plight of the vessel was at once seen and two Government Tugs immediately went to her assistance and made several attempts to tow her off, but as the gale was increasing every moment, after taking off the crew, they gave up their efforts and brought the men safely to harbour. Owing to the battering received by the high seas, the Rosslyn foundered yesterday morning, only part of her masts being now visible above water.}}The SS Rosslyn was the largest wreck in Gibraltar and is now a popular site with divers.[11] References1. ^1 {{cite book|title=Port of Gibraltar Handbook 2010-11|year=2011|publisher=Gibraltar Port Authority|url=http://issuu.com/landmarine/docs/gibraltar_port_2011?mode=window&pageNumber=16|page=13|accessdate=27 July 2012|chapter=An Outline of the Port Infrastructure}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Port of Gibraltar Handbook 2010-11|year=2011|url=http://issuu.com/landmarine/docs/gibraltar_port_2011|page=63|publisher=Gibraltar Port Authority|accessdate=27 July 2012|chapter=General Description of the Port}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Matthew R.|title=Issues in Environmental Geology: A British Perspective|year=1998|pages=438|url=Issues in Environmental Geology: A British Perspective}} 4. ^{{cite journal|title=Gibraltar South Mole Light|journal=Lighthouse Explorer, from Lighthouse Digest Magazine|url=http://www.lighthousedigest.com/digest/database/uniquelighthouse.cfm?value=7407|accessdate=28 July 2012}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Lighthouses of Gibraltar|url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/gib.htm|work=unc.edu|publisher=Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|accessdate=28 July 2012}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Military - Gibraltar|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/gibraltar.htm|work=globalsecurity.org|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=28 July 2012}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Gibraltar |volume=11 |page=940}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=United States. Hydrographic Office|title=Mediterranean Pilot: Strait of Gibraltar, south and southeast coast of Spain, African coast from Cape Spartel to Gulf of Gabes-including the Balearic Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UUPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA112|accessdate=30 July 2012|year=1916|publisher=Hydrographic Office under the authority of the secretary of the Navy|page=112}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Phil|title=Underwater Gibraltar: A Guide to the Rock's Submerged Sites|year=2004|publisher=Aquila Services Ltd.|location=Gibraltar|isbn=191965508-5|author2=Fa, Darren |page=66}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Southern Europe / The Mediterranean 678 Gibraltar|url=http://www.bsac.com/divelocations.asp?section=1250§ionTitle=Southern+Europe+/+The+Mediterranean&itemid=1812|work=bsac.com|publisher=British Sub-Aqua Club|accessdate=27 July 2012}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|title=Gibraltar - The Loss of the Rosslyn|url=http://www.simplyscuba.com/ShipwreckShow.aspx?ShipwreckID=22|work=simplyscuba.com|publisher=Simply Scuba|accessdate=28 July 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Gibraltar Chronicle|url=http://www.simplyscuba.com/ShipwreckShow.aspx?ShipwreckID=22|work=simplyscuba.com|publisher=(as reprinted on Simply Scuba)|accessdate=31 July 2012|date=1 March 1916}} External links{{commons category inline|South Mole, Gibraltar}}{{coord|36|7|47.34|N|5|21|38.15|W|type:landmark_scale:1000_region:GI|display=title}}{{Fortifications of Gibraltar}}{{Buildings in Gibraltar|state=autocollapse}} 2 : Buildings and structures in Gibraltar|Breakwaters |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。