“Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Spanish conquest of Oran and Mers el-Kebir took place from 15 June to 2 July 1732, between the Kingdom of Spain against the Ottoman protectorate of Algiers. The great Spanish expedition led by Don José Carrillo de Albornoz, Duke of Montemar and Don Francisco Javier Cornejo^[5] defeated the Ottoman-Muslim troops under the command of the Bey Hassan, and conquered the fortress-cities of Oran and Mers el-Kebir,^[6] ruled and administered by the Ottoman Empire from 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, when both cities, ruled by Spain, fell into the hands of the Ottoman Dey of Algiers.^[7]

Background

During the War of the Spanish Succession, the strategic African cities of Oran and Mers el-Kebir, which until that time, had been under Spanish control, were taken by the Ottoman Dey of Algiers, taking advantage of the difficult time that Spain was going through.^[8] With the war having ended, and with the resurgence of the new Spain as one of the major European powers, the King Philip V of Spain, organised an expedition to recoup the lost cities.^[9] The expedition was, in part, funded by the successful offensive on the Republic of Genoa, led by the Admiral Don Blas de Lezo, in which Lezo demanded a payment of 2 million pesos, and to pay homage to the Spanish flag, or else he would bombard the city.^[10]^[11] The Genovese finally accepted all the terms of the Spanish Admiral.^[11] Of the 2 million pesos, a million and a half was to be destined for the new expedition.^[11]

The rumour that Spain was preparing for another expedition, was cause for alarm for the Emperor Charles VI, thinking that Spain, wanted to occupy the Italian territories held by the Austrians again. When all the preparations had been concluded, with the aim of calming the other European powers, Philip V published a decree which stated his intention of reconquering Oran.^[11]

Preparations of the expedition

The expedition began to organise itself on 16 March 1732, in the port of Alicante.^[12] The person responsible for the preparation of the expedition was the Prince of Campo Florido, Captain-General and Governor of the Kingdom of Valencia.^[12] The city was overcome with the challenge of containing such a large number of troops, sailors and noblemen. The authorities estimated more than 30,000 present.^[12] At the time, the city received most of its merchandise via the port, with some help from nearby towns and cities, but finally the supply to the city was a success.^[13]

On 7 June, Don José Carrillo de Albornoz, Duke of Montemar, who Philip V had chosen as leader of the expedition, attended the Convent of Santísima Faz, to pray for protection and the success of his plan.^[13] The port began filling up with masts, and every type of sail, conceivable, and by the end of May, Campo Florido informed the Spanish General, Don Alejandro de la Motte, that he had solved the embargo of all the transport ships nearby. Everything had been planned, down to the last detail, and the expedition was ready to set sail.^[14]

The fleet

The great fleet consisted of 12 ships of the line, 50 frigates, 7 galleys and 26 galiots, 4 brigs, 97 xebecs, several gunboats and bomb vessels, approximately 109 transport ships, and several minor ships and vessels of different classes,^[5] in total, the ships of the fleet numbered about 500–600, and the supreme commander of the fleet was the veteran naval officer Don Francisco Javier Cornejo.^[5] The fleet caused great astonishment in all Europe, and as a writer of that time, said:

The army

The army was led by the Duke of Montemar.^[5] The contingent consisted of 23 generals, 19 brigadiers and 129 officers.^[5]

The infantry consisted of 32 battalions; the artillery battalion (600 men and 60 pieces of artillery and 20 mortars), the regiments of Spanish and Walloon Guards (each with 4 battalions), the regiments of Spain, Soria, Vitoria, Cantabria and Asturias (each with 2 battalions), the regiments of Ireland, Ulster and Namur (each with 1 battalion), the regiments of Aragon, Hainaut, Antwerp and First and Third of Swiss (each with 2 battalions), and a company of riflemen, guides, all born in Oran, and administrative, legal and medical personnel.^[5]^[4] In total 23,100 men.^[5]^[4]

The cavalry was composed by the regiments Queen and Prince (each with 417 men) and Santiago and Granada (each with 419 men), and another 4 regiments of Spanish Dragoons (each with 3 squads).^[4] In total 3,372 men.^[4]

The expedition

On 15 June 1732, with all troops on board, and all preparations completed, the fleet was at anchor, and the next day the fleet began its departure in perfect formation, offering a wonderful spectacle. The Spanish soldier and poet, Eugenio Gerardo Lobo, who took part in the expedition, dedicated his poetry to the Spanish expedition:^[15]

A few days after, the fleet was obliged, due to contrary winds, to take cover near the Cape Palos, but on the 24 June, after overcoming its difficulties, it continued its journey towards Oran.^[15] On 27 June, the fleet arrived at the coasts of Oran, and the Duke of Montemar, ordered the troops to disembark on the Aguadas beach, near Mers el-Kebir, but this could not take place till the next day.^[15] At dawn, the troops began to disembarked with barely any resistance.^[15] The Ottoman-Algerian troops, who up to that time had remained in defensive positions, began to attack the Spanish troops; however, the firepower of the Spanish ships,^[15] in particular the ship of the line Castilla, under the command of Don Juan José Navarro,^[16] made a big contribution in covering the landing troops by the use of his naval guns, decimating and forcing the Muslim troops to flee.^[16] Before midday, all the infantry had disembarked, and the cavalry followed soon after.^[3]

Conquest of Oran and Mers el-Kebir

After midday, the grenadiers together with the cavalry, gradually began to gather on a small hill, where the only fountain to be seen, around lay, and from where the Spanish troops had formed and taken control, and which the moors wanted to take hold.^[3] The Duke of Montemar ordered a small fort to be built to ensure communication with the fleet.^[3] A company of fusiliers was set up to protect the workers on the Fort, but they were under continual attack from the large number of Ottoman-Algerian troops, and finally, due to lack of ammunition, they began to retreat. This retreat gave the moors heart and they cautiosly advanced.^[3] Montemar, noticing this, sent 16 companies of infantry under the command of Don Alejandro de la Motte, and 4 squadrons of Spanish Dragoons to attack the front line of Muslim troops.^[3] The onslaught by the cavalry and infantry was so energetic, that they caused many casualties in the enemy, and forced the Moorish troops to retreat to another distant mountain amid the great confusion.^[3] Counting Janissaries, Moors and Turks, they came to about 20,000 to 22,000 men in total.^[3]

De la Motte and his army continued to advance till they reached Mers el-Kebir, where they discovered a field in which the Janissaries had gathered in, it was promptly destroyed, making about 300 Janissaries flee, all of which belonged to Mers el-Kebir's garrison.^[3] Terrified by the intense firepower of the grenadiers, the troops of the Castle of Mers el-Kebir capitulated, on the condition that they would be allowed to retreat to Algiers.^[3] Immediately after, De la Motte´s army besieged Mers el-Kebir.^[3] Montemar, seeing how successful this had been, then sent his army to the nearby mountains where the majority of the enemy lay, but these, terrified and demoralised, retreated that very night to Oran,^[2]^[3] which was also abandoned along with all its forts and castles used for defence.^[2] The quality and discipline of the Spanish army, without a doubt terrified Bey Hassan's troops.^[2] The next day, 1 July, Montemar, through a message from the French consul in Oran, found out about this news and immediately sent a detachment to confirm this.^[2] The news was in fact true, and the French consul himself,^[2] came out to receive the Spanish troops, which entered the city without any trouble, as it was almost deserted, as was the Palace of Bey.^[2] The Spanish captured 80 bronze pieces of artillery,^[2] 50 iron pieces and 12 bells,^[2] and innumerable artifacts of war, and supplies, enough to supply the city for at least three months.^[2] Finally, the next day, 2 July, the city of Mers el-Kebir also capitulated to De la Motte's troops.^[2]

Consequences

On 5 July a solemn Te Deum was sung in Oran to commemorate the victory.^[1] The news soon reached Spain and spread to the rest of Europe, where the famous victory was celebrated with festivals and religious ceremonies.^[1] The Pope Clement XII was greatly contented to hear of the reclaiming of the cities, thanking and full of praise for Philip V of Spain.^[1] A month after the recovery of Oran, on 1 August, having secured the city, Montemar made back to Spain with the majority of his troops, leaving behind a garrison of 6,000 men.^[17]

Montemar was received with great expectation in Seville on 15 August, Philip V presented him with a chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece, a reward for the service to his country.^[18] Also Don José Patiño was rewarded with the same honour, as he had planned the expedition.^[18]

Bey Hassan wasn't resigned to the loss of his beloved city.^[19] Regretting the cowardice he had shown by abandoning the city, he tried many times to retrieve it, by attacking it over the following months.^[19] At the end of August he closed in on Oran with more than 10,000 troops, but they were defeated by the Spanish, causing them more than 2,000 casualties.^[19] The city was to remain under Spanish control till 1792.^[20]

Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴Doncel p.264
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³Doncel p.263
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²Doncel p.262
4. ^¹²³⁴Doncel p.260
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶Doncel p.259
6. ^Doncel 262–263
7. ^The Rise of the Great Powers 1648-1815
8. ^Mckay / The Rise of the Powers
9. ^Suárez Fernández p.276
10. ^Doncel p.254
11. ^¹²³Doncel p.255
12. ^¹²Doncel p.256
13. ^¹Doncel p.257
14. ^Doncel 258–259
15. ^¹²³⁴⁵Doncel p.261
16. ^¹Martinez-Valverde / Enciclopedia General del Mar
17. ^Doncel p.265
18. ^¹Doncel p.266
19. ^¹²Doncel p.267
20. ^Doncel / Presencia de España en Orán 1509-1792

References