“Spanish corvette Tornado”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Tornado was a bark-rigged screw steam corvette^[2]^[3] of the Spanish Navy, first launched at Clydebank, Scotland in 1863, as the Confederate raider CSS Texas. She is most famous for having captured the North American filibustering ship Virginius, which led to the "Virginius Affair", which afterwards led to the Spanish-American Crisis of 1873.

Design and construction

The ship was built as the Confederate raider CSS Texas, but was seized by the British government in 1863 and acquired in 1865.^[4] She was purchased by the Chilean government for £75,000, through Isaac Campbell & Co, in February 1866.^[5]

In early 1862, Lt. George T. Sinclair was sent to England, with orders to build a clipper propeller for cruising purposes, and to take command of her when she was ready for sea.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}} His instructions were to confer with Commander Bulloch in Liverpool, as to the design of the vessel, and the building, fitting out and arming of her.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}} Bulloch received orders to help Sinclair with funds and advice. He showed Sinclair the drawings and specifications for {{ship|CSS|Alabama}}, also the contract with Lairds, and they both decided to use these as a basis for the new cruiser.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}}

What Sinclair did, was to arrange, with the help of the Confederate diplomat James M. Mason, for an issue of bonds, each equal to 25 bales of cotton, weight {{convert|12,500|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Seven individuals took up these bonds, and were effectively the owners of this new vessel.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}} The new cruiser was contracted by James and George Thomson of Glasgow, in October 1862. The same firm that was contracted to build an ironclad ram for Lt. North. Pampero was modeled on Alabama, even though she was somewhat larger.^[6]

He visited Paris to discuss with John Slidell the possibility of transferring the vessel to France. Slidell suggested Hamburg in Germany would be a better alternative. However, Sinclair investigated this, but did not proceed with it.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}} Meanwhile, the completion of Pampero was further delayed by labor troubles, and the seizure of Alexandria, another Confederate vessel in production at Lairds, by the British government. The Alexandria trial was indecisive, and Mason put off the launching of Pampero until a final verdict was reached.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}}

Pampero herself first came to the attention of Thomas H. Dudley, United States Consul in Liverpool, in the spring of 1863, when he made an investigative tour of Northern England and Scotland, looking for any warships being built for the Confederates.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}} He learned that Thomsons were building a screw steamer "of about 1500 tons," designed for great speed.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}} He was told that she was to have an angle-iron frame and teak planking, and he found that among the workmen it was generally believed that she was for the South.

On his next trip to Scotland in August 1863, his suspicions increased as new details on the vessel came to light. The builders insisted that the boat was for the Turkish government, but Dudley`s informants in the yard insisted the boat was for the Confederates, being supervised by the same men as those who supervised the building of the ironclad ram. Dudley left behind a spy in Thomsons yard, who soon reported that the vessel was rigged in the same manner as Alabama, the drawings of which, he was told, were in Glasgow.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}}

Pampero, by a Mrs. Galbraith, the vessel finally slid down the slipway on 29 October 1863. On 10 November, the American consul in Glasgow, W. L. Underwood formally requested that Pampero be detained.^[5]{{dead link|date=April 2013}} Although the British government did not make any immediate legal moves, in late November a British warship was moored abreast of Pampero, and she was placed under a 24-hour scrutiny by customs officers. Court proceedings against Pampero commenced on 18 March 1864, and were never satisfactorily concluded.

Capture

During the Chincha Islands War, the South American allies sent agents to European shipyards in search of unsold warships originally laid down for the Confederate states; Peru purchased two screw corvettes in France and Chile, purchased two in Britain, Tornado and the {{ship|Chilean corvette|Abtao|1866|6}}^[8] She set sail from Leith with a British register, British flag, with a British crew, after having been duly examined by the Custom-house authorities, on 19 August 1866.^[9]^[10] Bound for a neutral destination, she had no Chilean men on board.^[11]

She should have been in rendezvous with the British filibustering ship steamer Greathem Hall, aiming to interfere against the Spanish trade. However, the latter was captured by HMS Caledonia and taken into Portland. Pampero (now named Tornado) waited patiently in the rendezvous point, until the crew were ordered to re-coal and head for the desolate islands of Fernando de Noronha, an old pirate haunt off the Brazilian coast, in order to collect unpaid wages and bonuses offered for the delivery of the vessel.^[12]

The Spanish frigate, brought strict orders from the Spanish government to capture these ships.^[13] However, the Peruvian vessels made it to Latin American waters but the Chilean Pampero was about to be captured. Gerona sailed from Cádiz in the early morning of the 20th instant, arriving at Madeira, Portugal on 22nd instant. At 6:15 in the evening; before arriving at the anchoring ground, she discovered a suspicious steamer weighing anchor and apparently getting ready to put to sea, for which reason the commander of Gerona, Don Benito Escalera, thought fit to proceed towards her to see if he could obtains news, and to be at the same time in readiness to follow in her track, should she turn out to be either of the vessels indicated to him by the Spanish government.^[14]

At 8:00pm, the frigate, thinking that she perceived that Tornado was putting herself in motion, and having been confirmed in that opinion by the showing of the signal agreed upon on board the Spanish schooner, commenced to move in pursuit.^[14] The course which Tornado took was in every way suspicious, for she kept as close into the north-west shore of this island as she could, coasting along it at a very short distance as far as Cape Tristão, where she put to sea steering towards the north.^[14]

Notwithstanding that Tornado was some distance off at 10:30pm, and at a distance of more than {{convert|4|mi|km}} from the coast, the captain of Gerona, a slower ship,^[15] resolved to call her attention by discharging at her a cannon loaded with blank cartridge, but seeing that she kept on her course, he fired another shotted cannon at her, and this he repeated three times, Tornado then stopped.^[14]

He sent on board of her tow boats manned and tow officers to examine her, which was done in due form, although it could not be affirmed positively whether she carried munitions of war or not on account of the great quantity of coal with which she was stowed. The commander made the captain come on board Gerona, and this latter answered the questions that were put to him with insolent and insulting words so that he was obliged to be called to order. He then ordered the said captain to return to Tornado, which was navigated to Cadiz by the 1st Lieutenant Don Manuel del Bustillo, 2nd Lieutenant, four midshipmen, one engineer, and 51 armed men, and the crew of Tornado comprising 55 men, among whom were five Portuguese taken on board at Funchal, were transferred to Gerona.^[14]

Captain John MacPherson and the crew of Tornado were treated with great severity, both on their way to Cádiz and after their arrival in that city. The case led to negotiations between the British and Spanish governments expressed the opinion that the Spanish government had no right to treat the crew as prisoners of war, much less to chain them up.^[16]

Spanish service

She was brought into Spanish service as Tornado,^[13] and rated as screw corvette. During the Ten Years' War, she saw service in Cuban waters and had a notorious incident with the American filibustering steamer Virginius, that had been bought for the purpose of being used for landing military expeditions on Cuba in aid of the insurgents. Virginius had been engaged in this work for months, being even called by one of the Havana newspapers as the famous filibuster steamer Virginius.^[17]

On 31 October 1873, she was bound from Kingston, Jamaica to some point in Cuba, flying the US flag, and carrying a cargo of war material. Having a crew of 52 (chiefly Americans and Britons) and 103 passengers (mostly Cubans),^[17] Virginius was sighted by Tornado, and she immediately fled in a northerly direction toward Jamaica, but was chased by her, captured and taken into Santiago de Cuba. Fifty-three of the crew and passengers were condemned to death by court-martial, and between 4–8 November, were shot; among them were eight American citizens.^[17]

Relations between Spain and the United States became strained, and war seemed imminent, but on 8 December, the Spanish government agreed to surrender Virginius to the US on 16 December, to deliver the survivors of the crew and passengers to a US warship at Santiago, and to salute the US flag at Santiago on 25 December if it was not proved before that date that Virginius was not entitled to sail under American colors. Virginius foundered off Cape Hatteras as she was being towed to the United States by Ossipee. George Henry Williams, the Attorney General of the United States decided before 25 December that Virginius was the property of General Quesada and other Cubans, and had had no right to carry the American flag.

Under an agreement of the 27 February 1875, the Spanish government paid to the United States an indemnity of $80,000 for the execution of the Americans, and another indemnity to the British government.

Tornado was converted to a torpedo-training vessel in 1886. From 1898 until her destruction by the Nationalist aviation in 1938, she served as a hospice for poor children of sailors and fishermen killed or drowned in maritime accidents, in the port of Barcelona.^[18] She was finally broken up in 1939.

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷Christian de Saint Hubert, "The Early Spanish Steam Warships 1834-1870". Warship International 1983.
2. ^Hagan, p. 180
3. ^Albertson, p. 17
4. ^Jack Greene, Alessandro Massignani, p. 275
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰http://www.whenliverpoolwasdixie.co.uk/pamp.htm {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323132501/http://www.whenliverpoolwasdixie.co.uk/pamp.htm |date=March 23, 2012 }}
6. ^¹²McKenna, p. 163.
7. ^¹McKenna, p. 164.
8. ^Website of the Chilean Navy Abtao, corbeta (1º) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516025447/http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/artic/20090716/pags/20090716193727.html |date=2012-05-16 }}, retrieved on 6 December 2011
9. ^Bentinck, p. 30.
10. ^Bentinck p.9
11. ^Urrutia, p. 320.
12. ^Graham, p. 62.
13. ^¹Sondhaus, p. 98.
14. ^¹²³⁴House of Commons, p. 18.
15. ^Greene, p. 276.
16. ^Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events, p. 688.
17. ^¹²³Rhodes, p. 93.
18. ^Universitat de Barcelona. Centre d'Estudis Històrics Internacionals, p. 226.

Sources

External links