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词条 Spanish plume
释义

  1. Notable occurrences

  2. Similar regional set-ups

     Mexican Plume  Eastern Baltic 

  3. Animated descriptions of Spanish plume

  4. Further reading

  5. References

The Spanish Plume (Penacho Ibérico in Spanish and Spaanse Pluim in Dutch) is a weather pattern in which a plume of warm air moves from the Iberian plateau or the Sahara to northwest Europe giving rise to severe thunderstorms. This meteorological pattern can lead to extreme high temperatures and intense rainfall during the summer months, with potential for flash flooding, damaging hail storms and tornado formation. Some of these intense thunderstorm are formed from thermal lows. Thermal lows is also known as heat lows. Thermal lows can be semi permanent feature around some parts of the Europe particularly in the summer season. These thermal lows can be developed or created around Spain, Portugal, France etc. during the summer season because of the intense heat. Thermal low pressure can be located around the world particularly in the summer or tropical regions.

Notable occurrences

  • 1788, 13 July, a hailstorm sweeps across France and the Dutch Republic with hailstones 'as big as quart bottles' that take 'three days to melt'; immense damage is done.[1]
  • 1896, 10 September Paris Tornado.[2]
  • 1897, 24 July saw thunderstorms disrupt the celebrations of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.[3]
  • 1955, 18 July a Spanish Plume brought a record amount of rain on one day to Martinstown Dorset, with slow-moving thunderstorms bringing 279mm of rainfall.[4] A record which stood for over 50 years until the 2009 Cumbria floods.[5]
  • 1958, 5 September Horsham storm, heaviest hailstone recorded in the UK (190g).[6]
  • 1959, 9 July Wokingham storm.[6] the first in the world to be identified as a supercell.[7]
  • 1961, 12 August synoptic set-up of a Spanish Plume, however dry ground conditions in France led to little evaporation which led to lack of moisture in the air to fuel cloud and storm formation.[6]
  • 1968, 2 July July 1968 England and Wales dust fall storms – the plume had the highest mineral dust content recorded for over 200 years and caused major thunderstorms and rain dust across England.[8]
  • 1968, 10 July Chew Stoke flood of 1968[9] Chew Stoke floods and Pforzheim tornado in Germany.[12]
  • 1975, 14 July. Hailstorm in the Midlands.[10][11]
  • 1983, 25–26 July. Three Mesoscale Convective Systems over West France with Severe thunderstorm, heavy rain and Hailstorm[12]
  • 1985, 26 May East Anglia.[13]
  • 1992, 20–21 July Severe thunderstorms over south-east England.[14]
  • 1994, 24 June, Severe storms move from northern France and across south-eastern England.[15]
  • 1995, 9 September A tornado was generated in the Rhine Valley, Germany.[16]
  • 1996, 7 June damaging hail storms across England from Lyme Bay to the Wash.[17]
  • 1997, 7 June A Bow echo formed over France before passing over Belgium and the Netherlands.[18]
  • 2003, 5–6 August[19]
  • 2011, 18 August a severe storm battered the Pukkelpop festival in Belgium. This situation shows some similarities with the Spanish Plume.[20]
  • 2012, 10 May high temperatures reported in south of England with a tornado in Belgium reaching 100 mph gusts in Ghent.[21][22]
  • 2012, 28 June supercells in UK and Belgium,[23][24] disrupted the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay and brought chaos to North East England.[11][25][26]
  • 2013, 26–27 July A Mesoscale convective system developed in France and moved across the Netherlands and northern Germany, a gust of 102 mph was recorded at Pauillac, France from the storm. Smaller scale thunderstorms developed in the UK.[27]
  • 2014, 7–11 June Pentecost weekend storms in Europe brought disruptive conditions across France, Belgium and Germany where 6 fatalities were recorded as a Bow Echo swept through North Rhine-Westphalia with winds up to 144 km/h.[28][29]
  • 2014, 17–21 July severe storms left at least two fatalities in France, with power cut to thousands of homes and localised flooding occurring in France and the United Kingdom.[30][31]
  • 2015, 30 June–4 July A plume brought high temperatures from Spain across France and the UK. In France some July temperature records were set, and in the UK some all time maxima were set in some locations.[32][33] Severe thunderstorms also moved northwards across the UK on 1 July and again overnight 3–4 July.[34]
  • 2016, 6–7 June A Spanish plume event brought extensive thunderstorm activity across the UK and Ireland,[35] resulting in the hospitalisation of a man and his children after being struck by lightning in Lisburn, Northern Ireland.[36]

Similar regional set-ups

Mexican Plume

A similar pattern, though on a larger scale, is the Mexican plume in the south west USA, where hot dry air from the Mexican highlands acts as a cap to convection until lifted over Texas, Arkansas and Oklahoma.[6][37][38]

Eastern Baltic

In Finland and the Baltic states meteorologists have observed a situation conducive to severe summer storm development which occurs when a warm moist air mass flows into the region from the south or south east under the influence of an upper-level trough. These conditions have some similarities to the Spanish plume.[39] The synoptic conditions see a low over southern Norway, bringing warm south and southwesterly flows of air up from the inner continental areas of Russia and Belarus.[40]

Animated descriptions of Spanish plume

  • Met Office: What is a Spanish plume?
  • BBC Weather: Spanish Plume, what is it and how does it form with Darren Bett
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110509010150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/weather/hi/news/newsid_9476000/9476279.stm BBC Weather Player 'Spanish Plume' brings rain to the UK]

Further reading

  • Reigate Grammar School Weather Station: A beginners guide to the Spanish Plume!
  • [https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-spanish-plume-set-off-a-heatwave-in-the-uk-44109 The Conversation, Explainer: how ‘Spanish plume’ set off a heatwave in the UK]
  • UK Weather Forecast: What is a ‘Spanish plume’
  • Netweather Blog: The Spanish Plume Arrives & An Increasing Risk of Thunderstorms
  • SkyWarn UK, Forecasting a Spanish Plume (June 2014)
  • FMI Convective cloud features in typical synoptic environments: the Spanish plume
  • FMI Convective cloud features in typical synoptic environments: the Spanish plume – Meteorological physical background
  • FMI Convective cloud features in typical synoptic environments: the Spanish plume – Key parameters
  • Estofex, Forecasting severe convective storms
  • Morris, RM, 1986: [https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/file/sdb%3AdigitalFile%7C797208f9-dce1-4c90-990d-92aefbbc128c/ The Spanish Plume – testing the forecaster's nerve]. Meteorol. Mag, 115, 349–357.
  • Categorisation of synoptic environments associated with mesoscale convective systems over the UK. Matthew Lewis and Suzanne L. Gray (2010) Atmospheric Research 97

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J. M.|publisher=John Baker|location=London|year=1969|isbn=978-0-212-97022-3}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mahieu|first1=Pierre|last2=Wesolek|first2=Emmanuel|title=CONSEQUENCES OF TORNADIC STORMS IN URBAN AREAS:CASE STUDY OF THE PARIS TORNADO (FRANCE) IN SEPTEMBER 10,1896|journal=6th European Conference on Severe Storms. 2011|date=26 August 2011|url=http://www.keraunos.org/recherche-consequences-of-tornadic-storms-in-urban-areas.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2015}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Webb|first1=Jonathan D. C.|title=Severe thunderstorms disrupt the Diamond Jubilee on Midsummer Day 1897|journal=Weather|date=2012|volume=67|issue=7|pages=174–175|doi=10.1002/wea.1959|bibcode=2012Wthr...67..174W}}
4. ^{{cite news|last=Lee|first=John|title=Extreme weather in the UK|url=http://www.weathercast.co.uk/weather-news/news/ch/a925c0f6c2c5359ac8329fae13b32166/article/extreme_weather_in_the_uk.html|accessdate=12 August 2013|newspaper=Meteogroup:Weathercast|date=10 August 2013}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Wild weather: Dorset's 1955 'record rainfall'?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/dorset/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8994000/8994478.stm|accessdate=12 August 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=10 September 2010}}
6. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Carlson|first=T. N.|author2=Ludlam, F. H. |title=Conditions for the occurrence of severe local storms|journal=Tellus|year=1968|volume=XX|issue=2|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-BJTYTnnc14J:tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/download/10002/11618+Conditions+for+the+occurrence+of+severe+local+storms+(Citations:+31)+T.+N.+CARLSON,+F.+H.+LUDLAM&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg4Mp__HVbXVvfnTbEO7QBwkbrmpq0JruewCwugZF8-oIShFTL4ak4EKTtTgp0pCewXeQONGl-gPELdrwPYbPCZV8a490bM_U0hAt-skPGggfUDHx5LuadsYLvvluLFmfP-oyUH&sig=AHIEtbTAEP4xPJiMrVY4RgTzCiWdnSBgug|accessdate=5 November 2012|doi=10.1111/j.2153-3490.1968.tb00364.x|pages=203–226}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last = Browning |first = K.A. |authorlink = Keith Browning |author2 = F.H. Ludlum |title = Airflow in Convective Storms |journal = Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume = 88 |issue = 376 |pages = 117–35 |date = Apr 1962 |url = http://www.rmets.org/pdf/qj62browning.pdf |doi = 10.1002/qj.49708837602 |bibcode = 1962QJRMS..88..117B |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120307213602/http://www.rmets.org/pdf/qj62browning.pdf |archivedate = 2012-03-07 |df = }}
8. ^{{cite journal|title=The dust fall and severe storms of 1 July 1968|first=Catherine M.|last=Stevenson|year=1969|journal=Weather|doi=10.1002/wea.780|volume=66|issue=5|pages = 125–127}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Spanish Plume|url=http://www.weathercast.co.uk/weather-news/news/ch/c21b116d849b9eb70e0f38798ec68fbd/article/spanish_plume.html|publisher=Meteogroup|accessdate=3 November 2012}}
10. ^{{cite journal|last=Webb|first=Jonathan D. C.|title=The great summer heatwaves of 1975 and 1976 in the UK, and some violent storms|journal=International Journal of Meteorology|year=2011|volume=36|pages=255–261}}
11. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Clark|first=Matthew R.|author2=Webb, Jonathan D. C. |title=A severe hailstorm across the English Midlands on 28 June 2012|journal=Weather|date=November 2013|volume=68|issue=11|pages=284–291|doi=10.1002/wea.2162|bibcode=2013Wthr...68..284C}}
12. ^http://www.keraunos.org/orages-25-26-juillet-1983-derecho-mcs-macrorafales-charente-vienne-poitou.pdf
13. ^{{cite journal|last=Webb|first=J.D.C.|author2=Elsom, D.M. |author3=Reynolds, D.J. |title=Climatology of severe hailstorms in Great Britain|journal=Atmospheric Research|date=January 2001|volume=56|issue=1–4|pages=291–308|doi=10.1016/S0169-8095(00)00081-8|bibcode = 2001AtmRe..56..291W }}
14. ^{{cite journal|last=McCallum|first=E.|author2=Waters, A. J. |title=Severe thunderstorms over south-east England, 20/21 July 1992: Satellite and radar perspective of a mesoscale convective system|journal=Weather|date=July 1993|volume=48|issue=7|doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb05886.x|pages=198–208|bibcode = 1993Wthr...48..198M }}
15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=M. V.|title=Severe thunderstorms over south-east England on 24 June 1994: A forecasting perspective|journal=Weather|volume=50|issue=7|pages=250–256|doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.1995.tb06121.x|bibcode = 1995Wthr...50..250Y |year=1995}}
16. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Hannesen|first=Ronald|author2=Nikolai Dotzek |author3=Hermann Gysi |author4=Klaus D. Beheng |title=Case study of a tornado in the Upper Rhine valley|journal=Meterologische Zeitschrift Berlin|volume=7|issue=4|year=1998|pages=163–170|url=http://tordach.org/pdf/tornado95.pdf|accessdate=29 November 2012|doi=10.1127/metz/7/1998/163}}
17. ^{{cite journal|last=Webb|first=Jonathan D. C.|author2=Pike, William S. |title=Thunderstorms and hail on 7 June 1996: An early season 'Spanish plume' event|journal=Weather|year=1998|volume=53|issue=8|pages=234–241|doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb06391.x|bibcode = 1998Wthr...53..234W }}
18. ^{{cite journal|last1=van Delden|first1=A.|title=The synoptic setting of a thundery low and associated prefrontal squall line in western Europe|journal=Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics|volume=65|issue=1–2|pages=113–131|doi=10.1007/BF01030272|bibcode = 1998MAP....65..113D |year=1998}}
19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Holley|first1=D. M.|last2=Dorling|first2=S. R.|last3=Steele|first3=C. J.|last4=Earl|first4=N.|title=A climatology of convective available potential energy in Great Britain|journal=International Journal of Climatology|date=November 2014|volume=34|issue=14|pages=3811–3824|doi=10.1002/joc.3976|bibcode = 2014IJCli..34.3811H }}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Pukkelpop storm, Chapter II: Description of the synoptic situation|url=http://www.eumetrain.org/data/2/274/print_2.htm|publisher=EUMeTrain|accessdate=18 February 2013}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=Tornado richt ravage aan|url=http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=UG3PUP46|accessdate=29 November 2012|newspaper=De Standaard|date=11 May 2012|language=Dutch}}
22. ^{{cite news|last=Demeyer|first=Paul|title=Spaanse pluim richt ravage aan|url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=6I3PV8N9|accessdate=1 December 2012|newspaper=Nieuwsblad.be|date=11 May 2012|language=Dutch}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=From traffic cops to river patrol! Hosepipe bans become a distant memory as Britain has wettest spring since records began|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2166316/British-Weather-Hosepipe-bans-distant-memory-Britain-wettest-spring-records-began.html|accessdate=4 November 2012|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=29 June 2012}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Surge Bulletin|url=http://www.gabrobins.co.uk/media/13101/surge_bulletin_-_2_july_2012.pdf|publisher=GAB Robins|accessdate=18 February 2013|date=July 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702010101/http://www.gabrobins.co.uk/media/13101/surge_bulletin_-_2_july_2012.pdf|archivedate=2 July 2012|df=}}
25. ^{{cite news|title='Plume' blamed for freak weather|url=http://web.orange.co.uk/article/news/plume_blamed_for_freak_weather|accessdate=18 December 2012|newspaper=Orange News|date=29 June 2012}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Storms and plumes|url=http://www.weathercast.co.uk/weather-news/news/ch/29e17bbef4dde02d107df89925fddb20/article/storms_and_plumes.html|publisher=MeteoGroup|accessdate=18 December 2012}}
27. ^{{cite news|last=Penston|first=Seán|title=Heavy and thundery rain across Ireland and the UK|url=http://www.weathercast.co.uk/weather-news/news/ch/13adca3a39064f4ecccaaaa82c7e145b/article/heavy_and_thundery_rain_across_ireland_and_the_uk.html|accessdate=30 July 2013|newspaper=Meteogroup:Weathercast|date=27 July 2013}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=Supercells over parts of France brought severe thunderstorms, large hail and flash flooding from 7–9 June.|url=http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_2238698.html|accessdate=10 June 2014|publisher=EUMETSAT|date=10 June 2014}}
29. ^{{cite news|title=Un week-end de Pentecôte marqué par une forte activité orageuse|url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites?articleId=7603794|accessdate=10 June 2014|publisher=Météo France|date=10 June 2014|language=French}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=Lightning strikes and heavy rain over the weekend|url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2014/07/21/lightning-strikes-and-heavy-rain-over-the-weekend/|accessdate=22 July 2014|publisher=Met Office|date=21 July 2014}}
31. ^{{cite news|last1=Mills|first1=Ian|last2=Lancaster|first2=Sancha|title=Very hot, moist conditions triggered thunderstorms and lightning over parts of Europe in mid-July.|url=http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Images/ImageLibrary/DAT_2280408.html#ir|accessdate=22 July 2014|publisher=EUMETSAT|date=22 July 2014}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=Vague de chaleur : des températures record|url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/26520660-vague-de-chaleur-des-temperatures-record|accessdate=2 July 2015|publisher=Météo-France|date=2 July 2015|language=French}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=2 July 2015 – Record breaking hot weather for July in the UK|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/archive/2015/hot-july|accessdate=2 July 2015|publisher=Met Office|date=2 July 2015}}
34. ^{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Matthew W.|last2=Silkstone|first2=Nicholas|title=Improvements in nowcasting capability: analysis of three structurally distinct severe thunderstorms across northern England on 1 July 2015|journal=Weather|date=April 2017|volume=72|issue=4|pages=91–98|doi=10.1002/wea.2837|bibcode=2017Wthr...72...91L}}
35. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/10975669/Lightning-storm-hits-UK-and-Ireland-with-spectacular-lightshow-in-pictures.html|title=Lightning storm hits UK and Ireland with spectacular lightshow, in pictures|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=2017-05-24|language=en}}
36. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-36553339|title=Lisburn lightning strike: George Allen 'continuing to fight', family says|date=2016-06-16|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-05-24|language=en-GB}}
37. ^{{cite web|title=Oxford Index: Spanish Plume|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100521301|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=29 November 2012}}
38. ^{{cite web|title=Oxford Reference: Mexican plume|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100154578|publisher=Oxford Reference|accessdate=11 April 2013}}
39. ^{{cite journal|last=Punkka|first=Ari-Juhani|author2=Marja Bister |title=Occurrence of Summertime Convective Precipitation and Mesoscale Convective Systems in Finland during 2000–01|journal=Monthly Weather Review|year=2005|volume=133|issue=2|pages=362–373|doi=10.1175/MWR-2854.1|bibcode = 2005MWRv..133..362P }}
40. ^{{cite journal|last=Tuovinen|first=Jari-Petteri |author2=Ari-Juhani Punkka |author3=Jenni Rauhala |author4=Harri Hohti |author5=David M. Schultz|title=Climatology of Severe Hail in Finland: 1930–2006|journal=Monthly Weather Review|year=2008|volume=137|issue=7 |pages=2238–2249|doi=10.1175/2008MWR2707.1|bibcode = 2009MWRv..137.2238T |citeseerx=10.1.1.717.2828 }}

2 : Severe weather and convection|Weather hazards
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