“Special Court of Albania, 1945”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In November 1944, the communist partisans took power and began immediately with the arrest of all public figures who were perceived to have collaborated with the occupiers or not to have supported the Communist Liberation Movement. The Bashkimi newspaper of the Democratic Front of Albania had already been coming out in early January 1945 with agitative editorials pointing to "traitors" and "people's enemies".^[4] Sixty of these public figures were the object a treason trial in March 1945 at a communist Special Court with Prosecutor Koçi Xoxe.^[5] Xoxe, Minister of Interior, was considered from some as the most powerful person in Albania for the moment.^[6]

Proceedings

Various non-Communists politicians were object of the court: Pro-Italians, Nazi collaborationists, Balli Kombetar members, previous Ministers, anti-Communist figures, military personnel, King Zog supporters, former publishers and journalists, and members of public administration during the Italian and German regime.

The Special Court started in Tirana on 1 March 1945, and lasted until April 13 1945. The sessions took place in the premises of former "Savoja" cinema (renamed later to "Kosova" cinema, today's Albanian National Theater building). During this time it held 31 session and trialed 60 persons.^[8] General Lieutenant Koçi Xoxe was the leading judge, while General Major Bedri Spahiu was the prosecutor. The jury had 9 members,^[2] others were Beqir Balluku, Medar Shtylla (Minister of Economy), Faik Shehu, Halim Budo, Gaqo Floqi, Hysni Kapo, Bilbil Klosi, Gjon Banushi.^[9]^[4]

Aftermath

With the demise of Koçi Xoxe in 1949, few political figures, including the ones which would be arrested and sentenced later, would get partially rehabilitated. Other notorious trials would come out during the communist period in Albania, i.e. the "Assembly Members' Group" ({{lang-sq|Grupi i Deputetëve}}), the "Sabotators' Group" ({{lang-sq|Grupi i Sabotatorëve}}), "Coup d'Etat Group" ({{lang-sq|Grupi i Puçistëve}}) and many more. Xoxe, Beqir Balluku, Bedri Spahiu would be later accused themselves of "treason" and "enemy of the people" and executed or imprisoned.^[10]^[11]

See also

References

1. ^{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&pg=PA388&dq=gjyqi+special+1945&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vaisVNjzIs2NyASmwIHQCg&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=gjyqi%20special%201945&f=false| author=Robert Elsie| title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History| page=388|quote=...the Treason Trial conducted by the Special Court (Gjyqi Special), at which 60 members of the pre-Communist establishment were sentenced to death and long prison sentences as war criminals and enemies of the people|year=2012|isbn=978-1780764313 |publisher=I. B. Tauris }}
2. ^¹{{citation| author=Aleks Buda| page=355| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDNBAQAAIAAJ&q=gjyqi+special+1945&dq=gjyqi+special+1945&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bs-sVKigAouZyAS_ioDoBg&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAjgK| publisher=Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë| title=Fjalor enciklopedik shqiptar| year=1985|oclc=15296028|quote=GJYQI SPECIAL. Gjykatë e posaçme e krijuar me vendimin e KANÇ, dt.25.12.1944, për të gjykuar kriminelët kryesorë të luftës, shqiptarë e të huaj. Trupi gjykues përbëhej nga 9 veta.}}
3. ^{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAUiP5O8HgoC&pg=PA235&dq=special+court+albanian+1945&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kaOsVJvKIoauyAS2woLgAg&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=special%20court%20albanian%201945&f=false| page=234|title=Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century| author=Mark Mazower| isbn=978-0679757047| year=2000|edition=1|publisher=Vintage|quote=In Eastern Europe, on the other end, purges against "Fascists" and "war criminals" became a central part of the construction of society on something approaching the Soviet model.}}
4. ^¹{{citation|url=https://www.shqiperia.com/Si-u-arrestua-dhe-pse-u-denua-me-vdekje-Gjergj-Bubani.9084/| language =Albanian |publisher =shqiperia.com |title =Si u arrestua dhe pse u denua me vdekje Gjergj Bubani|trans-title=How Gjergj Bubani got arrested and sentenced to death|author=Kliton Nesturi| year =2009}}
5. ^{{citation|author=Robert Elsie| url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_3/AH1945_2.html| title=1945 - The Albanian Treason Trial| series=Texts and Documents of Albanian History}}
6. ^{{citation| url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_3/AH1945_6.html| author=Harry Hodgkinson| year=1945| title=Impressions of Albania, April 1945| publisher=Robert Elsie| series=Texts and Documents of Albanian History| others=British Foreign Office document, preserved in the National Archives in London (FO 371/48081)| quote=Real power lies in the hands of unscrupulous men like Koçi Xoxe, Minister of the Interior| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201045916/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_3/AH1945_6.html| archivedate=2016-02-01| df=}}
7. ^{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTZnAAAAMAAJ&q=special+court+albanian+1945&dq=special+court+albanian+1945&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7KGsVKiKDYb8yQST8ICQCg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBg| page=252|title=Albania at War, 1939-1945| author=Bernd Jürgen Fischer| year=1999| publisher=West Lafayette, Ind. : Purdue University Press|series=Central European studies|isbn=9780585063881 | oclc=42922446 }}
8. ^¹{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tijBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=beqir+valteri&source=bl&ots=SrFMYfTk6e&sig=m6Iy_szs3fszyXT0MqvYyYF-DCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L8-qVI6gMZKzyAT42oGQAw&ved=0CGoQ6AEwDg#v=onepage&q=beqir%20valteri&f=false| author=Uran Butka|isbn=978-9928-199-06-5| section=1|title=The 'Bomb' and the Soviet Embassy in Tirana}}
9. ^¹Skeda e Lazër Radit dhe Gjyqi Special (in Albanian) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622064021/http://www.radiandradi.com/skeda-e-lazer-radit-dhe-gjyqi-special-13-prill-1945/testata-kryesore/gazeta/ |date=2015-06-22 }}
10. ^Iván T. Berend. Central and Eastern Europe 1944-1993 U.K. page 65 - 66
11. ^{{cite book |title=The artful Albanian: memoirs of Enver Hoxha |last=Halliday |first=Jon |authorlink= |year=1986 |publisher=Jon Halliday |location= |isbn=0-7011-2970-0 |page= |pages=304 and 307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaC4AAAAIAAJ&q=Beqir+Balluku&dq=Beqir+Balluku&cd=10 |accessdate=2010-06-03 }}

Background

Proceedings

Aftermath

See also

References