词条 | Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research |
释义 |
Results from SPHERE complement those from other planet finder projects which include HARPS, CoRoT, and the Kepler Mission.[2] The instrument was installed on Unit Telescope "Melipal" (UT3) and achieved first light in June, 2014. At the time of installation, it was the latest of a series of second generation VLT-instruments such as X-shooter, KMOS and MUSE.[2] Science goalsDirect imaging of exoplanets is extremely challenging:
SPHERE is representative of a second generation of instruments devoted towards direct high-contrast imaging of exoplanets. These combine advanced adaptive optics with high-efficiency coronagraphs to attenuate glare from the host star. In addition, SPHERE employs differential imaging to exploit differences between planetary and stellar light in terms of its color or polarization.[4] Other high-contrast imaging systems that are operational include Project 1640 at the Palomar Observatory and the Gemini Planet Imager at the Gemini South Telescope.[3] The Large Binocular Telescope, equipped with a less advanced adaptive optics system, has successfully imaged a variety of extrasolar planets.[5] SPHERE is targeted towards direct detection of Jupiter-sized and larger planets separated from their host stars by 1 to 100 AU. Detecting and characterizing a large number of such planets should offer insight into planetary migration, the hypothetical process whereby hot Jupiters, which theory indicates cannot have formed as close to their host stars as they are found, migrate inwards from where they were formed in the protoplanetary disk.[6] It is also hypothesized that massive distant planets should be numerous; the results from SPHERE should clarify the extent to which the current observed preponderance of closely orbiting hot Jupiters represents observational bias. SPHERE observations will focus on the following types of targets:
Results from SPHERE complement those of detection projects that use other detection methods such as radial velocity measurements and photometric transits. These projects include HARPS, CoRoT, and the Kepler Mission.[7] Instrument description{{multiple image|direction=horizontal |align=right |width1=180 |width2=225 |image1=The SPHERE exoplanet imager for the VLT.jpg |image2=SPHERE Common Path Infrastructure.jpg |footer=The SPHERE instrument and diagram of its subsystems }} SPHERE is installed on ESO’s VLT Unit Telescope 3 at the Nasmyth focus. It comprises the following subsystems:
Science resultsEarly results have validated the power of the SPHERE instrument, as well as presenting results that challenge existing theory.
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Mark|date=2017|title=Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star|url=http://stacks.iop.org/1538-3881/154/i=6/a=218|journal=The Astronomical Journal|language=en|volume=154|issue=6|pages=218|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa8a69|issn=1538-3881|arxiv=1705.06851|bibcode=2017AJ....154..218N}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann17041/|title=ESO’s SPHERE Unveils its First Exoplanet|last=information@eso.org|website=www.eso.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-06}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Chauvin|first=G.|last2=Desidera|first2=S.|last3=Lagrange|first3=A.-M.|last4=Vigan|first4=A.|last5=Gratton|first5=R.|last6=Langlois|first6=M.|last7=Bonnefoy|first7=M.|last8=Beuzit|first8=J.-L.|last9=Feldt|first9=M.|date=2017-09-01|title=Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP 65426|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2017/09/aa31152-17/aa31152-17.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=605|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731152|issn=0004-6361|arxiv=1707.01413|bibcode=2017A&A...605L...9C}} 12. ^{{cite web |title=The Strange Case of the Missing Dwarf |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1506/ |publisher=European Southern Observatory |accessdate=24 May 2015}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|title = The First Science Results from Sphere: Disproving the Predicted Brown Dwarf Around V471 Tau|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters|date = 2015-02-01|issn = 0004-637X|pages = L24|volume = 800|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/800/2/L24|first = A.|last = Hardy|first2 = M. R.|last2 = Schreiber|first3 = S. G.|last3 = Parsons|first4 = C.|last4 = Caceres|first5 = G.|last5 = Retamales|first6 = Z.|last6 = Wahhaj|first7 = D.|last7 = Mawet|first8 = H.|last8 = Canovas|first9 = L.|last9 = Cieza|arxiv = 1502.05116 |bibcode = 2015ApJ...800L..24H }} 14. ^{{Cite journal|title = Discovery of a Two-armed Spiral Structure in the Gapped Disk around Herbig Ae Star HD 100453|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters|date = 2015-10-22|pages = L2|volume = 813|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/813/1/L2|first = K.|last = Wagner|first2 = D.|last2 = Apai|first3 = M.|last3 = Kasper|first4 = M.|last4 = Robberto|arxiv = 1510.02212 |bibcode = 2015ApJ...813L...2W}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.eso.org/public/usa/news/eso1821/|title=First Confirmed Image of Newborn Planet Caught with ESO’s VLT - Spectrum reveals cloudy atmosphere|last=European Southern Observatory|first=|date=July 2, 2018|website=www.eso.org|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 6, 2018}} External links
5 : Telescope instruments|Astronomical imaging|Exoplanet search projects|Infrared spectroscopy|Optical devices |
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