“Spiritual bypass”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Spiritual bypass

释义

In neo-Advaita
See also
Buddhist concepts Other religious concepts Western psychological concepts
References
Sources
Further reading

A spiritual bypass or spiritual bypassing is a "tendency to use spiritual ideas and practices to sidestep or avoid facing unresolved emotional issues, psychological wounds, and unfinished developmental tasks".{{sfn|Fossella|Welwood|2011}} The term was introduced in the early 1980s by John Welwood, a Buddhist teacher and psychotherapist.{{sfn|Fossella|Welwood|2011}}{{sfn|Welwood|2000}}{{sfn|Masís|2002}} Spiritual bypass can be addressed with various forms of psychotherapy, including focusing and motivational interviewing.{{sfn|Welwood|2000}}{{sfn|Clarke|Giordano|Cashwell|Lewis|2013}}

In neo-Advaita

Some neo-Advaita teachers, such as Jeff Foster{{sfn|Foster|2011}} and Andrew Cohen,{{sfn|Cohen|2015}} have admitted that their own insight or "awakening" did not put an end to being a human being with personal, and even egoistical, feelings, aspirations and fears. Although he did not use the term "spiritual bypass", Cohen admitted that his "misguided efforts to create breakthroughs" caused "much harm" to some of his students.{{sfn|Cohen|2015}}

References

Sources

{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Philip B. |last2=Giordano |first2=Amanda L. |last3=Cashwell |first3=Craig S. |last4=Lewis |first4=Todd F. |date=January 2013 |title=The straight path to healing: using motivational interviewing to address spiritual bypass |journal=Journal of Counseling & Development |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00075.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Craig_Cashwell/publication/263616874_The_Straight_Path_to_Healing_Using_Motivational_Interviewing_to_Address_Spiritual_Bypass/links/5577a5b808ae7521586e1a00.pdf |ref=harv |quote=Spiritual bypass is a phenomenon that commonly arises when working with clients regarding the spiritual dimension. Spiritual bypass is defined as the use of one’s spirituality, spiritual beliefs, spiritual practices, and spiritual life to avoid experiencing the emotional pain of working through psychological issues (Welwood, 2000). This trap entails actively seeking spiritual highs as a means to avoid processing underlying psychological pain (B. H. Whitfield, 1995). One way to address the issue of spiritual bypass in counseling is to use the techniques, interventions, and processes of motivational interviewing (MI). MI is a counseling framework used to encourage positive behavior change in clients (Miller, 1983).}}
{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Cohen (spiritual teacher) |date=12 May 2015 |title=An open letter to all my former students upon return from my sabbatical |url=http://www.andrewcohen.org/blog/open-letter-all-my-former-students-upon-return-my-sabbatical |website=andrewcohen.org |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515234523/http://www.andrewcohen.org/blog/open-letter-all-my-former-students-upon-return-my-sabbatical |archivedate=2015-05-15 |accessdate=2016-07-20 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal |last1=Fossella |first1=Tina |last2=Welwood |first2=John |authorlink2=John Welwood |date=Spring 2011 |title=Human nature, buddha nature: an interview with John Welwood |journal=The Buddhist Review |volume=20 |issue=3 |url=http://www.johnwelwood.com/articles/TRIC_interview_uncut.pdf |ref=harv |quote=Being a good spiritual practitioner can become what I call a compensatory identity that covers up and defends against an underlying deficient identity, where we feel badly about ourselves, not good enough, or basically lacking. Then, although we may be practicing diligently, our spiritual practice can be used in the service of denial and defense. And when spiritual practice is used to bypass our real-life human issues, it becomes compartmentalized in a separate zone of our life, and remains unintegrated with our overall functioning. [...] In my psychotherapy practice I often work with dharma students who have engaged in spiritual practice for decades. I respect how their practice has been beneficial for them. Yet despite the sincerity as practitioners, their practice is not fully penetrating their life. They seek out psychological work because they remain wounded and not fully developed on the emotional/relational/personal level, and they may be acting out their wounding in harmful ways.}}
{{cite web |last=Foster |first=Jeff |authorlink=Jeff Foster (spiritual teacher) |date=Autumn 2011 |title=The birth and death of fundamentalism in nonduality and Advaita teachings |url=http://www.lifewithoutacentre.com/writings/the-birth-and-death-of-fundamentalism-in-nonduality-and-advaita-teachings/ |website=lifewithoutacentre.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093913/http://www.lifewithoutacentre.com/writings/the-birth-and-death-of-fundamentalism-in-nonduality-and-advaita-teachings/ |archivedate=2015-05-18 |accessdate=2016-07-20 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Masís |first=Katherine V. |date=2002 |chapter=American Zen and psychotherapy: an ongoing dialogue |editor1-last=Young-Eisendrath |editor1-first=Polly |editor2-last=Muramoto |editor2-first=Shoji |title=Awakening and insight: Zen Buddhism and psychotherapy |location=Hove, East Sussex; New York |publisher=Brunner-Routledge |pages=147–167 |isbn=0415217938 |oclc=47805052 |ref=harv |quote=Through deepened concentration, the practitioner's mind may be significantly calmed during meditation, but negative emotional states may return after meditating because they were suppressed rather than examined and worked through (Cooper 1999). While thoughts, feelings, and fantasies may be made more available for scrutiny, non-judgmental attentiveness to their emergence while ignoring their meaning may not be enough (Rubin 1996). [...] Consciously or unconsciously, Western meditation practitioners may use their meditation practice to avoid facing developmental tasks or old psychic wounds that would be better dealt with in psychotherapy. Quite a few meditation teachers convey the message that enlightenment or seeing through the false self gets to the root of human suffering, and thereby eradicates personal emotional difficulties. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Enlightenment is seeing through the illusion of self, but is not necessarily a way to heal a wounded self. [...] Enlightenment experiences may be temporarily healing, but if old wounds are still operating, the practitioner will be unable to integrate those experiences into his or her daily life and may be using spirituality to avoid dealing with those very wounds (Kornfield 1993a; 1993b). [...] Welwood coined the equally well-known phrase of 'spiritual bypassing', or 'the tendency to try to avoid or prematurely transcend basic human needs, feelings and developmental tasks' (Welwood 2000:64).}}
{{cite book |last=Welwood |first=John |authorlink=John Welwood |date=2000 |origyear=1984 |chapter=Between heaven and earth: principles of inner work |title=Toward a psychology of awakening: Buddhism, psychotherapy, and the path of personal and spiritual transformation |location=Boston |publisher=Shambhala Publications |pages=11–21 |isbn=1570625409 |oclc=42397510 |ref=harv |quote=A complete path of inner development [...] must involve all three principles—grounding, letting go, and awakening the heart—which counteract the obstacles of spiritual bypassing, egocentric self-involvement, and numbing distraction. The core element of such a path would be an awareness practice such as meditation, which helps connect us with all three principles. Along with that, a method of psychological inquiry is extremely helpful for addressing the unconscious patterns and emotion complexes.}}

In neo-Advaita

See also

Buddhist concepts

Other religious concepts

Western psychological concepts

References

Sources

Further reading