| 释义 |
- References
- Further reading
{{context|date=May 2014}}Spoilum (active 1765–1805; Chinese name: Guan Zuolin) was a Chinese artist active in Guangzhou between 1785 and 1810, during the Old China Trade. He painted portraits of Chinese and Western merchants and sea captains in the Western style painting with oil on canvas rather than ink on paper or silk in the Chinese style.[1] His portraits of Western merchants typically required a two- or three-hour sitting, and cost $10.[2] He also mastered the European technique of reverse glass painting. Little is known of his life, although he was one of a family of painters, including his grandson Lam Qua, and is said to have traveled extensively in the West.[3]References1. ^{{cite journal| last = Corrigan| first = Karina| title = A World of Connections at the Peabody Essex Museum| journal = Antiques and Fine Arts}}
2. ^{{cite web|last=Perdue|first=Peter C.|title=Spoilum (Guan Zuolin)|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/rise_fall_canton_03/spoilum.html|work=Rise & Fall of the Canton System|accessdate=3 May 2014}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Liu|first=ed. by Lydia H.|title=Tokens of exchange : the problem of translation in global circulations|year=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham (N.C.)|isbn=978-0822324249|page=243}}
Further reading- {{cite web|last=Perdue|first=Peter C.|title=Rise & Fall of the Canton System: III Canton & Hong Kong|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/rise_fall_canton_03/cw_essay01.html|work=MIT Visualizing Cultures|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|accessdate=3 May 2014}}
- {{cite web|title=Spoilum's Lord Macartney painting could make $175,000|url=http://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/News/Spoilum%27s-Lord-Macartney-painting-could-make-$175,000/16165.page|accessdate=3 May 2014}}
- {{cite book|last1=Huang|first1=Michelle|title=The Reception of Chinese Art Across Cultures|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|pages=33–34}}
{{authority control}} 6 : 18th-century Chinese painters|19th-century Chinese painters|Artists from Guangzhou|Chinese portrait painters|Painters from Guangdong|Qing dynasty painters |