“The Man of Law's Tale”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Wurtele provides a detailed compilation of the differences between Trivet's Chronicle and the poems of Gower and Chaucer.^[3]{{rp|56-82}} Gower strove for vividness and shortened the tale in places. Chaucer expanded the tale and emphasizes the holiness of Constance and how she was favoured by heaven.

Hagiographic motifs are most abundant in Chaucer's version, e.g. “the miracles God works though Custance and the way she is miraculously fed while at sea”.[22] Wurtele observes that Chaucer makes frequent use of the adjective "hooly" but Gower never uses this word.^[3]{{rp|64-65}}

Summary

(References here are to line numbers in both Man of Law's Tale (MLT) and Confessio Amantis(CA).)

Constance (Custance in Chaucer) is the daughter of the emperor in Rome. Syrian merchants report her great beauty to the Sultan. A marriage contract is negotiated by her father which requires the Sultan and his subjects to convert to Christianity.MLT^[4]{{rp|134–245}} or CA^[5]{{rp|II.587–639}}

The Sultan's mother, enraged that her son would turn his back on Islam, connives to prevent this by massacring her son and the wedding party and having Constance set adrift on the sea. MLT^[4]{{rp|386–504}} or CA^[5]{{rp|II.665–715}} Her adventures and trials continue after she is shipwrecked on the Northumberland coast. The validity of her Christian faith is proved by two miracles. Her companion Hermengyld heals a blind man.MLT^[4]{{rp|547–574}} or CA^[5]{{rp|II.759–775}} A wicked knight who wishes to seduce Constance murders Hermengyld and attempts to frame Constance using the bloody dagger. He perjures himself and is mysteriously struck dead. MLT^[4]{{rp|582–686}} or CA^[5]{{rp|II.792–885}} Northumberland is a nominally pagan country where the King, Alla (based on Chaucer's understanding of the historical Ælla of Deira^[6]) converted to Christianity after learning of the two miracles. Alla's evil mother intercepts and falsifies letters between the Alla and his constable, which results in Constance's being banished. MLT^[4]{{rp|386–875}} or CA^[5] {{rp|II.665–1036}}

Constance is forced to go to sea again and encounters one final antagonist. She runs aground in Spain; a would-be rapist (Thelous in CA) boards her ship but mysteriously falls overboard. MLT^[4]{{rp|911-945}} or CA^[5]{{rp|II.1090-1122}} She is found by a Senator of Rome. He is returning from a mission to Barberie (Syria) where he revenged the slaughter of Christians by the Sultan's mother. MLT^[4]{{rp|953ff}} or CA^[5]{{rp|II.1179ff}} The Senator takes Constance (and her child) back to Italy to serve as a household servant. King Alla, still heartbroken over the loss of Constance, goes to Rome on a pilgrimage, and fortunately finds Constance. In the end the couple return to Northumberland. Alla dies a year later, and the baby boy becomes the King. MLT^[4]{{rp|876–1147}} or CA^[5]{{rp|II.1077–1612}}

Character of the Man of Law

The Man of Law may have been based upon a real character. Two candidates are Thomas Pynchbek and Gower. Pynchbek "served as a justice of assize between 1376 and 1388 and was known for his acquisition of land, as well as for his learning; in 1388, as chief baron of the Exchequer, he signed a writ for GC's arrest in a case of debt".^[7]^[8]{{rp|124}}. Accepting the latter requires accepting the debatable claim that Gower was practiced a lawyer.^[9] Yeager asserts that Gower had a "lawyerly habit of mind" but there is no evidence that he received formal training in the law. Chaucer himself is another candidate.^[10] Yet another view is taken by David who sees the Man of Law as

"a representative of the self-appointed poetry critics with whom Chaucer disagreed.^[11]{{rp|219}}

Man of Law as Narrator

Introduction

The Man of Law (referred to here as 'A Sergeant of the Lawe') is a judicious and dignified man, or, at least, he seems so because of his wise words. He is a judge in the court of assizes (civil procedures), by letter of appointment from the king, and has many goods and robes. He can draw up a legal document, the narrator tells us, and "no wight pinchen at his writing". The Man of Law rides in informal, silk-adorned clothes. GP {{rp|311–330}} The Host addresses the Man of Law with more respect than he does the Miller and the Reeve.^[4]{{rp|33-38}} The Man of Law's response to the host includes "behest is debt" which is a quotation from Justinian.^[12]{{rp|499}}

Whatever the identity of the narrator, his knowledge of literature is erratic. Some of the Chaucerian works have not been 'published' which suggests he is part of Chaucer's literary circle. He confuses the Muses with the Pierides.^[4]{{rp|92}} Antiochus did not throw his daughter to the ground. The most debated passage in the Introduction is:

Gower retold these two stories in Confessio. David observes that MLT is placed after somewhat immoral tales told by the Miller, the Reeve and the Cook.^[11]{{rp|220}} After Gower became aware of this passage, the Epilogue of Confessio was altered to remove praise of Chaucer. The three common interpretations are:

Tale

The narrator of the tale is less materialistic than the Sergeant of the Introduction (the description of the merchants' wealth is an exception ^[15]{{rp|157}}). "The tale, on the other hand, quite clearly reveals its narrator to be a devotee of justice in some ideal order, rather than a legal technician grown wealthy through sharp practices."^[12]{{rp|501}} The events of the tale are the crimes discussed in Bracton's De legibus. "Simply from this point of view, and with respect to both style and substance, the received story as an aggregation of incidents is well suit for retelling by a Sergeant of the Law."^[12]{{rp|509}} "Tortuous"MLT{{rp|302}} an astrological term may be confused with "tortious" which is a legal term.^[12]{{rp|504}} Apostrophe is used in several places.^[39]{{rp|584}} Another marked stylistic trait is his use of those rhetorical questions which punctuate with the regularity of a refrain the two passages (^[4]{{rp|470-594}}and ^[4]{{rp|932-945}}) emphasizing at some length the dangers that beset Constance when she is at the sultaness' feast, when she is drifting from Syria to Northumberland, and when the second miscreant assaults her.^[16]{{rp|585}}

Spearing downplays the notion that the narration is the voice of a lawyer.^[17] Pearsall found nothing specific to a lawyer other than the response to the Host in the Introduction.^[18]

Sources

The tale is based on a story within the Chronicles of Nicholas Trivet^[2] but the major theme in the tale, of an exiled princess uncorrupted by her suffering, was common in the literature of the time.^[19]{{rp|24-25}} Her tale is also told in John Gower's Confessio Amantis, and both are similar to the verse Romance Emaré, and the cycle is generally known as the "Constance" cycle.^[19]{{rp|24-25}} The oldest known variant of this particular type is Vitae duorum Offarum.^[19]{{rp|23}} More distantly related forms of the persecuted heroine include Le Bone Florence of Rome, and Griselda.^[20] An incident where Constance is framed for murder by a bloody dagger appears to be a direct borrowing from Crescentia.^[21]

Sequence with other tales

The Tale is the first in Fragment 2. Fragment 1 contains tales told by the Knight, Miller, Reeve and Cook. The various manuscripts of the Tales differ in the sequence of the Tales. 35 manuscripts contain the Man of Law's epilogue, while 22 others (including the Ellesmere Manuscript) do not.^[24] In the epilogue, the host invites the Parson to speak next, but the Parson is interrupted before he can begin and a different speaker tells the next tale. In the various manuscripts, the interrupter is Summoner, the Squire, or the Shipman,^[24] but it is the Shipman whose character best matches the rude remarks (although the mention of his "joly body" sounds closer to something the Wife of Bath might say). What this probably shows is that Chaucer had not fixed his overall plan. There are also hints, with his claim he will talk in prose despite rhyming throughout, that the Man of Law originally told the Tale of Melibee before he was assigned Custance's tale late in the composition of the tales.^[11]{{rp|217}}

See also

References

1. ^{{ cite book | title=Chaucer & Gower: Difference, Mutuality, Exchange | chapter=Chaucer Borrows from Gower: The Source of the Man of Law's Tale | author=Peter Nicholson | publisher=English Literary Studies | editor=Robert F. Yeager | year=1991}}
2. ^¹{{ cite book | title=Svenska Folkböcker | author=P. O. Bäckström | year=1845 | volume=I | page=221ff | language=Swedish | location=Stockholm}}
3. ^¹{{cite thesis| title=Chaucer’s Man of Law and Clerk as Rhetoricians | author=Douglas James Wurtele |date=1968 |publisher=McGill University |type=PhD}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{ cite web | title=Canterbury Tales | author=Geoffrey Chaucer |language= | url=http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/webcore/murphy/canterbury/6manolaw.pdf}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{gutenberg|no=266|name=Confessio Amantis}} (Middle English, based on Macaulay 1901)
6. ^Rossignol, Rosalyn. 2006. Critical companion to Chaucer: a literary reference to his life and work. New York: Facts on File, 169.
7. ^{{ cite book | author=John Matthews Manly | title=Some New Light on Chaucer | location=New York | publisher=Henry Holt | year=1926 |page=131-57 | url=https://www.questia.com/read/815997/some-new-light-on-chaucer | subscription=yes }}
8. ^{{ cite book | title=Venus' Owne Clerk: Chaucer's Debt to the Confessio Amantis | author=Benjamin Willem Lindeboom | publisher=Rodopi | year=2007 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=udOR2JwV0YUC&pg=PA124&dq=%22man+of+Law%22+Pynchbek&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLoeOf16nJAhWBkx4KHf-fDVwQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22man%20of%20Law%22%20Pynchbek&f=false}}
9. ^{{ cite book |title=John Gower: Moral Philosopher and Friend of Chaucer | isbn=978-0814701492 | author=John H. Fisher |author-link=John Hurt Fisher| year=1964 | publisher=New York University Press}}{{rp|55}}
10. ^{{ cite book| chapter=John Gower's Poetry and the 'Lawyerly Habit of Mind' | author=R.F. Yeager | isbn=978-9004280410 | year=2015 | title=Theorizing Legal Personhood in Late Medieval England | publisher=Brill Academic Pub | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=8pf8CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=Gower+%22legal+training%22&source=bl&ots=4s1CHn2bOs&sig=8wi2j7Rp5mSmyQQ7vIF2HbDtfo8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6-aaQpqzJAhWDaD4KHd3jB40Q6AEILjAC#v=onepage&q=Gower%20%22legal%20training%22&f=false}}
11. ^¹²{{ cite journal| title=The Man of Law vs. Chaucer: A Case in Poetics| author=Alfred David| journal=PMLA | volume=82 | issue=2 | date=May 1967 |pages= 217-225}}
12. ^¹²³{{ cite journal|title=Chaucer's Man of Law and the Constancy of Justice| author = Joseph E.Grennan | date= October 1985 | pages=498-514| journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology |volume=84 | issue=4}}
13. ^{{ cite book |title=The English Works of John Gower Vol I | chapter=Introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/englishworksjoh01macagoog | author=Macaulay, G.C. | year=1900 | publisher=Early English Text Society }}
14. ^{{ cite book |title=John Gower: Moral Philosopher and Friend of Chaucer | isbn=978-0814701492 | author=John H. Fisher | year=1964 | publisher=New York University Press}}
15. ^{{ cite journal | title=Chaucer's Man of Law as Interpreter |year=1967 | author=Chauncey Wood | journal=Traditio |volume=23 |pages=149-190 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
16. ^¹{{ cite journal| title=Originality, Controlling Purpose, and Craftsmanship in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale | author=Edward A. Block |volume=68 |issue=3 | date=June 1953 |pages=572-616 |journal=PMLA }}
17. ^{{ cite journal | title=Narrative Voice: The Case of Chaucer's "Man of Law's Tale" | author=A. C. Spearing | journal=New Literary History | volume=32 |issue=3 | date=Summer 2001 | publisher=The John Hopkins University Press}}
18. ^{{ cite book| title=The Canterbury Tales | editor=Derek Pearsall |year=1985 |page=257}}
19. ^¹²Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England New York Burt Franklin,1963
20. ^Carol Falvo Heffernan, Le Bone Florence of Rome, p 3 {{ISBN|0-7190-0647-3}} {{OCLC|422642874}}
21. ^{{ cite book| title=Chaucer's Constance and Accused Queens| author=Margaret Schlauch | author-link=Margaret Schlauch|location=New York |publisher= Gordian Press |year=1969 |page=75}}
22. ^{{ cite book| chapter=Chaucer and Hagiographic Authority| author=Jennifer L. Sisk |page=131| title=Sanctity as Literature in Late Medieval Britain | editor1=Eva von Contzen | editor2= Anke Bernau | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2015 }}
23. ^{{cite book | title=The Riverside Chaucer | author=Geoffrey Chaucer | editor=Larry Dean Benson | url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=E4DXD7Sk7WcC&pg=PA856 }}
24. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Chaucer's Sexual Poetics|author=Carolyn Dinshaw|author-link=Carolyn Dinshaw|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|date=1989|isbn= 9780299122744|page=240}}