| 词条 | SS Orizaba (1939) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
SS Orizaba (or "ES Orizaba", with "ES" standing for "Electroschiff" {{lang-de|electric ship}}) was a Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) cargo ship that was built in Hamburg 1939[1] and wrecked off northern Norway in 1940. Orizaba was built for trade between Germany and the Caribbean, and was named accordingly. Orizaba is a city in the Mexican province of Veracruz, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. BuildingOrizaba was built in Hamburg and completed in 1939.[1] She was one of three sister ships launched in 1939 for HAPAG. She and her sister {{SS|Antilla|1939|2}} were built by Deutsche Werft in Finkenwerder, Hamburg,[1][3] while their sister Arauca was built by Bremer Vulkan in Bremen-Vegesack.[4]Orizaba and her sisters had turbo-electric transmission.[1][3][4] Each ship had two oil-fired high pressure boilers that fed a single AEG turbo generator.[1][3][4] This produced current for an AEG electric propulsion motor that drove a single propeller shaft.[1][3][4] This was a sophisticated propulsion system that required skilled operation. Both Antilla and Arauca suffered technical failures on their maiden voyages to the Caribbean.[5][6]Orizaba and her sisters each had direction finding equipment and an echo sounding device.[1][3][4]CareerIn August 1939, a week before Germany invaded Poland, Germany signalled all her merchant ships to leave main shipping lanes, signal only in code, and to disguise their ships and return to Germany as soon as possible.[5] Three days later Germany ordered that all merchant ships which could not reach Germany within four days should seek shelter in neutral ports.[5] Orizaba was among a number that took refuge in Vigo[7] in Spain, which was officially neutral. On the night of 9/10 February 1940, a night with minimum moonlight,[8] the German merchant ships {{SS|Arucas|1927|2}}, {{SS|Morea|1922|2}}, Orizaba, {{SS|Rostock|1922|2}}, {{SS|Wahehe|1922|2}} and {{SS|Wangoni||2}} left Vigo to try to run the Allied blockade of Germany.[7] In an attempt to avoid French Navy and Royal Navy patrols their course was to be out into the Atlantic and then north past neutral Iceland into the Norwegian Sea, where they would try to use neutral Norwegian territorial waters to reach the North Sea and then neutral Danish territorial waters to reach Germany. {{location map |Norway |width=304 |lat=70.667 |long=20.983 |caption=Approximate position of Orizaba{{'}}s wreck off northern Norway |relief= yes}}On 11 February a Royal Navy destroyer captured Morea and a French sloop captured Rostock.[2] On 21 February the Royal Navy cruiser {{HMS|Manchester|15|6}} and two destroyers captured Wahehe southeast of Iceland as a prize ship.[2] On 26 February 1940 Orizaba ran aground off the coast of Troms in northern Norway.[2] The Finnish cargo ship {{SS|Margareta|1902|2}} rescued survivors.[2][9][10] On 3 March the cruiser {{HMS|York|90|6}} intercepted Arucas southeast of Iceland.[11] Arucas{{'}} crew scuttled her and York rescued 39 of them, but another three were lost.[11] Only Wangoni made it back to Germany. On 28 February the submarine {{HMS|Triton|N15|6}} intercepted her off Kristiansand in southern Norway, but the cargo ship escaped under cover of darkness and on 1 March made port at Hamburg.[2] WreckOrizaba remains a wreck in the Norwegian Sea. When she foundered, the ship had mercury aboard.[12] Accordingly, in 2008 Norway's National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES) on behalf of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority tested cusk, blue mussel and whelk in the vicinity of the wreck for levels of heavy metals.[12] NIFES found that mercury levels in all three species were within European Food Safety Authority limits and that the levels in cusk and blue mussel were no higher than normal for those species.[12] However, NIFES found that in blue mussel the concentration of cadmium was higher than normal, and in whelk it was between two and three times higher than levels normally found on the Norwegian coast.[12] NIFES found also that whelk accumulate cadmium more than do mussel.[12] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 {{cite book |url= http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=38b1057.pdf |year=1939 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |location=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register |accessdate=24 May 2013}} {{coord|70.667|N|20.983|E|format=dms|display=title}}{{February 1940 shipwrecks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Orizaba SS}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url= http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4002-11FEB02.htm |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Gordon |work=Naval Events |title=February 1940, Part 2 of 2, Thursday 15th – Wednesday 29th |publisher=Naval-History.net |date=7 April 2012 |accessdate=24 May 2013}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |url= http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=40a0090.pdf |year=1940 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |location=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register |accessdate=24 May 2013}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |url= http://www.plimsollshipdata.org/pdffile.php?name=41b0058.pdf |year=1941 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |location=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register |accessdate=24 May 2013}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://willemsubmerged.wordpress.com/ |title=The true story of Es. Antilla (1939) and her crew |work=Willem Submerged |publisher=WordPress |date=2 March 2009 |accessdate=24 May 2013}} 6. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.shipscribe.com/usnaux/AK/AK49.html |title=Class: Saturn (AF-49) |work=U.S. Navy Auxiliary Vessels 1884–1945 |last=Roberts |first=Stephen S |date=10 January 2010 |accessdate=23 May 2013}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4002-11FEB01.htm |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Gordon |work=Naval Events |title=February 1940, Part 1 of 2, Thursday 1st – Wednesday 14th |publisher=Naval-History.net |date=7 April 2012 |accessdate=24 May 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.moonphases.info/past_full_moon_dates_calendar.html#1940 |title=Full Moon Dates for 1940 |work=Past Full Moon Calendar Dates |publisher=MoonPhases.info |accessdate=25 May 2013}} 9. ^{{cite book |url= http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/verluste/ausl%2Bdtsch-4012.htm |title=Verluste Deutscher Handelsschiffe 1939–1945 und unter deutscher Flagge fahrender ausländischer Schiffe: 1940 |last1=Rohwer |first1=Jürgen |author1-link=Jürgen Rohwer |last2=Hümmelchen |first2=Gerhard |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Württembergische Landesbibliothek |date= |accessdate=24 May 2013 |language=German}} 10. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Blockade-runner Goes Aground |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=27 February 1940 |page_number=7 |issue=48550 |column=B}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4003-12MAR01.htm |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Gordon |work=Naval Events |title=March 1940, Part 1 of 2, Friday 1st – Thursday 14th |publisher=Naval-History.net |date=7 April 2012 |accessdate=24 May 2013}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url= http://www.nifes.no/index.php?page_id=369&article_id=2622&lang_id=2 |title=Low levels of mercury in species surrounding the wrecked cargo vessel Orizaba |work=Shipwrecks and seafood safety |publisher=National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research |accessdate=24 May 2013}} 7 : 1939 ships|Maritime incidents in February 1940|Ships of the Hamburg America Line|Shipwrecks of Norway|Steamships of Germany|Turbo-electric steamships|World War II merchant ships of Germany |
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