词条 | The Nation (Irish newspaper) |
释义 |
|name = The Nation |image = The Nation Irish newspaper.jpg |type = weekly newspaper | foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1842|10|15}} |owners = |political = Irish nationalism |headquarters = Dublin | language = English }}The Nation was an Irish nationalist weekly newspaper, published in the 19th century. The Nation was printed first at 12 Trinity Street, Dublin from 15 October 1842 until 6 January 1844. The paper was afterwards published at 4 D'Olier Street from 13 July 1844, to 28 July 1848, when the issue for the following day was seized and the paper suppressed. It was published again in Middle Abbey Street on its revival in September 1849.[1] BackgroundThe founders of The Nation were three young men – two Catholics and one Protestant – who, according to the historian of the newspaper T. F. O'Sullivan, were all "free from the slightest taint of bigotry, and were anxious to unite all creeds and classes for the country's welfare.".[2] They were Charles Gavan Duffy, its first editor; Thomas Davis, and John Blake Dillon.[2] All three were members of Daniel O'Connell's Repeal Association, which sought repeal of the disastrous 1800 Act of Union between Ireland and Britain; this association would later be known as Young Ireland.The name suggested by Duffy for the paper was The National, but Davis disagreed, suggesting "that the use of an adjective for such a purpose was contrary to the analogies of the English language". He suggested The Nation, which was assented to by all three.[3] "We desired to make Ireland a nation", Duffy wrote, "and the name would be a fitting prelude to the attempt.".[3] In due course and after many other consultations between the founders, the following announcement was made as to the date of publication, the name of the journal, and the contributors:.[4]
The paper was first published on Saturday 15 October 1842. The Prospectus of The NationIn the Prospectus, which was written by Davis with the exception of one sentence, it was stated,[5]
As could be seen from the prospectus, as political objectives went, the programme was certain to be of immense assistance to Daniel O'Connell in his efforts to revive the agitation for Repeal,[6] but O'Connell also knew and felt that he was receiving, for the present, a powerful support from them; but he knew also, that they were outside of his influence, and did not implicitly believe that Repeal would be yielded to "agitation"; that they were continually seeking, by their writings, to arouse a military spirit among the people; showing plainly, that while they helped the Repeal Association, they fully expected that the liberties of the country must be fought for in the end: it was in appearance only that they worked in harmony.[7] John Mitchel joined the staff of The Nation in the autumn of 1845.[8] On Mitchel's frequent trips from Banbridge, Co Down to Dublin, he had come in contact with the Repeal members who gathered about The Nation office and in the spring of 1843 he became a member of the Repeal Association.[9] For the next two years Mitchel wrote political and historical articles and reviews for The Nation. He covered a wide range of subjects, including the Irish Potato Famine, on which he contributed some influential articles which attracted significant attention.[8]Mitchel resigned his position as leader writer on The Nation, he himself wrote years afterwards, because he came to regard as "absolutely necessary a more vigorous policy against the English Government than that which William Smith O'Brien, Charles Gavan Duffy and other Young Ireland leaders were willing to pursue". In 1847, when he severed his connection with The Nation, he wrote, "I had watched the progress of the famine policy of the Government, and could see nothing in it but a machinery, deliberately devised, and skillfully worked, for the entire subjugation of the island—the slaughter of portion of the people, and the pauperization of the rest", and he had therefore "come to the conclusion that the whole system ought to be met with resistance at every point, and the means for this would be extremely simple, namely, a combination among the people to obstruct and render impossible the transport and shipment of Irish provisions; to refuse all aid to its removal; to destroy the highways; to prevent everyone, by intimidation, from daring to bid for grain and cattle if brought to auction under 'distress' (a method of obstruction which put an end to Church tithes before); in short, to offer a passive resistance universally; but occasionally, when opportunity served, to try the steel." To recommend such a course would be extremely hazardous, and was besides in advance of the revolutionary progress made up to that time by Mr. Duffy, the proprietor of The Nation, Mitchel therefore resigned from the journal, and started his own paper, The United Irishman.[8] Women wrote for the paper, and published under pseudonyms such as Speranza (Jane Elgee, Lady Wilde, Oscar Wilde's mother), known universally as "Speranza" of The Nation; Eithne (Marie Thompson); and Eva (Mary Eva Kelly, who would marry Kevin Izod O'Doherty). The role played by some of its key figures in the paper in the ill-fated Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 cemented the paper's reputation as the voice of Irish radicalism.[10] Dillon was a central figure in the revolt and was sentenced to death, the sentence later commuted. He fled Ireland, escaping first to France and, eventually, to the United States, where he served the New York Bar.[11] Its triumvirate of founders followed differing paths. Davis died, aged 30, in 1845. Both Dillon and Duffy became MPs in the British House of Commons. Duffy emigrated to Australia where he became premier of the state of Victoria, later being knighted as a Knight Commander of St Michael and St George (KCMG). Dillon died in 1866. His son, John Dillon became leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party and his grandson, James Dillon, leader of Fine Gael. The Nation continued to be published until 1900, when it merged with the Irish Weekly Independent. Later political figures associated with the paper included TD Sullivan and JJ Clancy. Contributors
Notes and references1. ^Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945 pg 44 2. ^1 Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945 pg 6 3. ^1 Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945 pg 42 4. ^1 Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945 pg 43 5. ^1 Life of John Mitchel, P. A. Sillard, James Duffy and Co., Ltd 1908.pg 3 6. ^Young Ireland and 1848,Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press 1949, pg 8 7. ^Life of John Mitchel, P. A. Sillard, James Duffy and Co., Ltd 1908, pg 11 8. ^1 2 Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd, 1945. 9. ^William Dillon, The life of John Mitchel (London, 1888) 2 Vols. Ch IV 10. ^http://theirelandinstitute.com/republic/02/html/metscher002.html 11. ^W. J. McCormack, Patrick Gillan. "The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture", Page 167. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001 Further reading
External links
5 : Defunct newspapers of Ireland|Publications established in 1842|1849 disestablishments|Defunct weekly newspapers|Young Ireland |
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