| 词条 | The Needles Batteries |
| 释义 |
|name=The Needles Batteries |partof= |location=The Needles, Isle of Wight, England |coordinates = {{coord|50.66213|-1.58399|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image=The Needles Battery.JPG |caption= The view over the old battery |image2= |caption2= |map_type= Isle of Wight |type= |code= |built= 1861–63 (old) 1895 (new) |builder= |materials= Brick and flint |height= |used= 1863 onwards |demolished= |condition= |ownership=National Trust |open_to_public=Yes |controlledby= |garrison= |current_commander= |commanders= |occupants= |battles= World War 1 and World War 2 |events= Anti-aircraft gun trials Blue Streak tests{{Infobox designation list | embed = yes | designation1_offname = Old Needles Battery | designation1 = Grade II | designation1_date = 28 March 1994 | designation1_number = {{Listed building England|1220402}} }}{{Infobox designation list | embed = yes | designation2_offname = New Needles Battery | designation2 = Grade II | designation2_date = 28 March 1994 | designation2_number = {{Listed building England|1209415}} }}{{Infobox designation list | embed = yes | designation3_offname = New Battery and High Down Test Site, The Needles | designation3 = Scheduled monument | designation3_date = 31 July 2015 | designation3_number = {{Listed building England|1422839}} }} }} The Needles Batteries are two military batteries built above the Needles stacks to guard the West end of the Solent. The field of fire was from approximately West South West clockwise to Northeast and they were designed to defend against enemy ships. Old BatteryThe Old Battery was constructed between 1861 and 1863. It was equipped with six 7-inch Armstrong rifled breechloading guns. These were replaced by four 7-inch and two 9-inch rifled muzzle loaders in 1872, and six 9-inch rifled muzzle loaders in 1893. The 9 inch guns took a team of 9 men to load and fire. These guns fired projectiles weighing {{convert|256|lb|kg}}.[1] The 9-inch guns remained in place until 1903 when they were discarded by throwing them over the side of the cliff. These were later recovered and two are now on display at the Old Battery.[2] A deep ditch with a retractable bridge was dug into the chalk to protect the facility from ground attack from the island side. In 1885 a tunnel was dug towards the cliff face from the parade grounds. An elevator down to the beach was completed in 1887. Early searchlight experiments were conducted at the site[3] between 1889 and 1892.[2] The present observation post housing a searchlight was built in 1899.[4] Just to the east of the Old Battery, at Hatherwood Point are the remains of Hatherwood Battery, built to defend the area alongside the Needles Battery. The Old Battery is a Grade II Listed Building.[5] The TunnelA tunnel leads to a searchlight emplacement with good views towards the Needles lighthouse. New BatteryUnfortunately, there were subsidence problems and concerns that the concussion from firing the guns was causing the cliffs to crumble. This was solved by building the New Battery higher up the cliff, at a height of 120 metres above sea level. The New Battery was completed in 1895. Three 9.2-inch Mk IX breech-loading guns were installed at the New Battery : two in 1900 and a third in 1903. A crew of 11 was required to fire one of these guns. Each shell weighed {{convert|380|lb|kg|sigfig=3}}.[6] The New Battery guns remained in place until 1954, when they were scrapped.[6] The Old and New Batteries were manned during the World Wars. German U boats sank two ships off The Needles during World War I.[7] This facility was also the site of early trials of anti-aircraft guns.[2] In World War II, anti-aircraft guns defended the Isle of Wight against air attacks but repeated German air attacks necessitated improvements in the fortifications at the site. The guns at the Batteries also fired on German torpedo boats attempting night landings{{cn|date=May 2017}}. Troops trained for the D-Day landing on the neighbouring cliffs. After the war, the Ministry of Defence deactivated the batteries.[7] In the 1950s, the battery was used for testing the Blue Streak missile,[8] as well as the Black Knight and Black Arrow satellite launch vehicles.[9] Like the Old Battery, the New Battery has also been listed at Grade II.[10] The surviving parts of the rocket testing facilities are a Scheduled monument.[9] National Trust openingWhen the site came into the possession of the National Trust, it was decided to restore the Old Battery so that it could be opened to the general public. The National Trust Youth Group comprising local schoolchildren and teachers assisted in getting the site ready for its official opening in 1982. The site is still managed by the National Trust and is open daily from mid March to the end of October. It gives visitors an insight into how a Victorian battery would work and giving a glimpse into the life of a soldier based at the Battery during the Second World War. Along with a series of exhibition rooms and the tunnel there are a number of visitor facilities including a tearoom. The New Battery was opened to the public in 2004 and has a display on the history of the British rocket development between the 1950s and 1970s.[11] GalleryReferences1. ^Source: National Trust plaques on the site 2. ^1 2 History of the Old Battery,The Needles Battery website 3. ^Location of the searchlight is {{Gbmapping|SZ295848}} 4. ^Needles Old Battery, WightCAM - photographically illustrated walks on the Isle of Wight website 5. ^{{NHLE |num=1220402 |desc=Old Needles Battery|accessdate=4 April 2015}} 6. ^1 History of the New Battery,The Needles Battery website 7. ^1 The Batteries at war,The Needles Battery website 8. ^http://www.redfunnel.co.uk/island-guide/places-to-visit/isle-of-wight-heritage-attractions/needles-rocket-testing-station/ 9. ^1 {{NHLE|desc=New Battery and High Down Test Site, The Needles |num=1422839|accessdate=18 November 2018}} 10. ^{{NHLE |num=1209415 |desc=New Needles Battery|accessdate=4 April 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web |title=Into the Space Age at the Needles New Battery |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/the-needles-old-battery-and-new-battery/features/into-the-space-age-at-the-needles-new-battery |website=National Trust |accessdate=18 November 2018}} Publications
External links{{Commons category|The Needles Battery}}{{Commons category|Needles New Battery}}
9 : National Trust properties on the Isle of Wight|Museums on the Isle of Wight|Military and war museums in England|Coastal fortifications|Grade II listed buildings on the Isle of Wight|Grade II listed forts|Forts on the Isle of Wight|Batteries|Cold War sites |
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