| 词条 | The Night of the Hunter (film) |
| 释义 |
| name = The Night of the Hunter | image = Nightofthehunterposter.jpg | alt = | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = Charles Laughton | producer = Paul Gregory | screenplay = James Agee Charles Laughton (uncredited) | based on = {{Based on|The Night of the Hunter|Davis Grubb}} | starring = Robert Mitchum Shelley Winters Lillian Gish Billy Chapin | music = Walter Schumann | cinematography = Stanley Cortez | editing = Robert Golden | studio = Paul Gregory Productions | distributor = United Artists | released = {{Film date|1955|07|26}} | runtime = 92 minutes | country = United States | language = English | budget = $795,000 }} The Night of the Hunter is a 1955 American thriller directed by Charles Laughton, and starring Robert Mitchum, Shelley Winters, and Lillian Gish. The screenplay by James Agee was based on the 1953 novel of the same title by Davis Grubb. The plot focuses on a corrupt minister-turned-serial killer who attempts to charm an unsuspecting widow and steal $10,000 hidden by her executed husband. The novel and film draw on the true story of Harry Powers who was hanged in 1932 for the murder of two widows and three children in Clarksburg, West Virginia. The film's lyrical and expressionistic style with its leaning on the silent era sets it apart from other Hollywood films of the 1940s and 1950s, and it has influenced later directors such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder[1] and Robert Altman.[2] In 1992, The Night of the Hunter was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. The influential film magazine Cahiers du cinéma selected The Night of the Hunter in 2008 as the second-best film of all time, behind Citizen Kane.[3] PlotIn West Virginia in the 1930s, along the Ohio River, Reverend Harry Powell, a serial killer, flees the scene of his latest murder. Powell is a self-anointed preacher with a penchant for switchblade knives, a misogynist who is both attracted to and repulsed by women. He travels rural roads, preaching in small towns, and rationalizes his murders by telling himself that he is punishing sinful women and gaining money to preach God's word. The letters "L-O-V-E" are tattooed on the fingers of his right hand, and the letters "H-A-T-E" on those of his left hand. Powell uses them as symbols in impromptu sermons. In one small town, police arrest Powell for driving a stolen car and he is sentenced to jail. Meanwhile, a local family man named Ben Harper kills two people in a bank robbery. He arrives home and hides the money he has stolen inside his daughter's rag doll. He convinces his two young children, John and Pearl, to keep the hiding place secret. The police arrive and arrest Ben, while John is shocked by the way the police roughly overpower his father. Harper and Powell share a cell where Powell, soon to be released, tries without success to learn the location of the stolen money. Harper lets slip enough information to allow Powell to determine that Harper's children must know where the money is. Harper is executed for his crimes, while Powell is released from jail, and then woos and marries Harper's widow, Willa. Powell charms most of the townsfolk, but John remains distrustful. John does not share the money's hiding place with Powell and must constantly remind his younger and more trusting sister Pearl to maintain the secret. Willa eventually discovers that Powell is searching for the money, though he has earlier denied this to her. Still, the pious Willa believes he married her to show her God's light rather than to gain access to the money. Powell murders her, dumps her body in the river, and covers up her disappearance by claiming she has abandoned him and the children for a life of sin. With this cover story Powell retains the trust and sympathy of the townsfolk. His position in the town becomes even more secure. Willa's drowned body is discovered by Birdie Steptoe, an elderly man who spends his days drinking on his riverboat and is friendly with John. Birdie keeps his discovery a secret out of fear the town will blame him for her death. Nobody else in town is willing to take John's side against Powell. Left to care for John and Pearl, Powell threatens their lives and learns the money is hidden inside the doll. The children flee down the river with the doll and take sanctuary with Rachel Cooper, a tough old woman who looks after stray children. Powell tracks them down, but Rachel sees through him and runs him off her property. Powell returns after dark, as he had threatened, and in the ensuing all-night standoff Rachel shoots and wounds him. The police, by now having discovered Willa's body, arrive to arrest Powell. John breaks down as he witnesses the arrest of Powell as a parallel to the arrest of his real father. John takes the doll and beats it against the handcuffed Powell. As the money spills out, he insists that Powell can have the cash if he wants it. Powell is tried, convicted, and sentenced for his crimes. Several of the townsfolk previously depicted as his staunchest defenders sit in the public gallery drinking and shouting abuse at him. A lynch mob tries to take Powell from the police station but the police retreat with him out the back of the building as the professional executioner promises to see Powell again soon. Finally, John and Pearl have their first Christmas together with Rachel and their new family. Cast
ProductionThis was the only film directed by the actor Charles Laughton.[4] Laughton had directed plays on Broadway, most produced by his friend Paul Gregory. Gregory read the 1953 novel The Night of the Hunter by Davis Grubb and decided to produce a film from it, with James Agee as screenwriter and Laughton as director. Laughton drew on the harsh, angular look of German expressionist films of the 1920s.[5] Laughton's directing style was supportive and respectful of the actors' input and several of the actors have said it was among their favorite professional experiences. CastingLaughton considered casting Gary Cooper as Harry Powell, but Cooper did not accept the role as it might be detrimental to his career.{{sfn|Callow|2000|p=32}} Laurence Olivier and John Carradine expressed interest in the role of the reverend. Robert Mitchum was eager for the part of the preacher. When he auditioned, a moment that particularly impressed Charles Laughton was when Laughton described the character as "a diabolical shit" and Mitchum promptly answered, "Present!" Shelley Winters was cast as Willa Harper, the woman who is killed by Powell. Winters said that this was "the most thoughtful and reserved performance I ever gave". Laughton envisioned his wife Elsa Lanchester to play the role of Rachel Cooper. Jane Darwell, Helen Hayes, Agnes Moorehead, and Louise Fazenda were also considered. Lanchester, for reasons unknown to Laughton, turned down the role, suggesting silent movie star Lillian Gish for the role instead. A doubtful Laughton went to New York for the purpose of watching films that Gish starred in. These included the shorts and feature films she made with pioneer D.W. Griffith. When Gish asked Laughton{{clarify|date=August 2016}}, he replied, "When I first went to the movies, they sat in their seats straight and leaned forward. Now they slump down, with their heads back, and eat candy and popcorn. I want them to sit up straight again."[6] FilmingPrincipal photography of The Night of the Hunter began on August 15 and ended on October 7, 1954.{{sfn|Eagan|2010|p=502}} Mitchum originally suggested Laughton to shoot the film in authentic Appalachian locations but the director couldn't afford the budget to do on-location shooting. Besides, he wanted to create the film's unique look on Hollywood sound stages and found what he was looking for at Pathé, Republic Studios, and the Rowland V. Lee ranch in the San Fernando Valley.{{sfn|Couchman|2009|p=123}} The director of photography was Stanley Cortez, who also shot Orson Welles' 1942 film The Magnificent Ambersons. ScoreThe film's score, composed and arranged by Walter Schumann in close association with Laughton, features a combination of nostalgic and expressionistic orchestral passages. The film has two original songs by Schumann, "Lullaby" (sung by Kitty White, whom Schumann discovered in a nightclub) and "Pretty Fly" (originally sung by Sally Jane Bruce as Pearl, but later dubbed by an actress named Betty Benson). A recurring musical device involves the preacher making his presence known by singing the traditional hymn "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms". Mitchum also recorded the soundtrack version of the hymn. ReleaseThe Night of the Hunter premiered on July 26, 1955 in Des Moines, Iowa.{{sfn|Couchman|2009|p=196}} To promote the film, the Los Angeles Herald-Express serialized the film's script throughout April 1955.{{sfn|Couchman|2009|p=198}} The film also received an extensive promotional campaign from United Artists.{{sfn|Couchman|2009|pages=196–8}} It later had its premiere in Los Angeles on August 26, 1955,[7] and in New York on September 29, 1955.{{sfn|Couchman|2009|p=196}} ReceptionContemporaneousThe Night of the Hunter was not a success with either audiences or critics at its initial release, and Laughton never directed another film.[4] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film "a weird and intriguing endeavor," adding: "unfortunately the story and the thesis presented by Mr. Grubb had to be carried through by Mr. Laughton to a finish—and it is here that he goes wrong. For the evolution of the melodrama, after the threatened, frightened children flee home, angles off into that allegorical contrast of the forces of Evil and Good."[8] The staff of Variety summarized: "The relentless terror of Davis Grubb’s novel got away from Paul Gregory and Charles Laughton in their translation of Night of the Hunter. This start for Gregory as producer and Laughton as director is rich in promise but the completed product, bewitching at times, loses sustained drive via too many offbeat touches that have a misty effect."[9]The film was shot in black and white in the styles and motifs of German Expressionism (bizarre shadows, stylized dialogue, distorted perspectives, surrealistic sets, odd camera angles) to create a simplified and disturbing mood that reflects the sinister character of Powell, the nightmarish fears of the children, and the sweetness of their savior Rachel. Due to the film's visual style and themes, it is also often categorized as a film noir. RetrospectiveRoger Ebert wrote, "It is one of the most frightening of movies, with one of the most unforgettable of villains, and on both of those scores, it holds up ... well after four decades."[10]The Night of the Hunter was rated No. 90 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments. In a 2007 listing of the 100 Most Beautiful Films, Cahiers du cinéma ranked The Night of the Hunter No. 2.[11] It is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14. In 2008, it was ranked as the 71st greatest movie of all time by Empire magazine in its issue of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[12] In 1992, the United States Library of Congress deemed The Night of the Hunter to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", and selected the film for preservation in its National Film Registry.{{sfn|Couchman|2009|p=216}} On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on {{nowrap|65 reviews}}, with a weighted average rating of 9.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Featuring Robert Mitchum's formidable performance as a child-hunting preacher, The Night of the Hunter is a disturbing look at good and evil."[13] In the 1997 documentary series Dope Sheet, John Kricfalusi, creator of The Ren & Stimpy Show, considers The Night of the Hunter as his all-time favourite film; he has praised it for its direction, art direction, and acting.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} American Film Institute recognition
Mark Callaghan, the leader singer for the Australian band The Riptides, parodied Mitchum's character in the music video for the 1982 track, Hearts And Flowers. Home mediaThe Night of the Hunter was released on DVD by MGM Home Entertainment in 2000.[14] On November 16, 2010, the film was released on Blu-ray and DVD by The Criterion Collection in association with the University of California, Los Angeles film archive.[14] Among other supplemental material the Criterion edition includes are various interviews with the cast and crew along with an appearance of the cast on The Ed Sullivan Show performing a deleted scene from the film and the two-and-a-half hour documentary Charles Laughton Directs "The Night of the Hunter".[15]Related worksIn 1974, film archivists Robert Gitt and Anthony Slide retrieved several boxes of photographs, sketches, memos, and letters relating to the film from Laughton's widow Elsa Lanchester for the American Film Institute. Lanchester also gave the Institute over 80,000 feet of rushes and outtakes from the filming.[16] In 1981, this material was sent to the UCLA Film and Television Archive where, for the next 20 years, they were edited into a two-and-half hour documentary that premiered in 2002, at UCLA's Festival of Preservation.[17] The film was remade in 1991 as a TV movie starring Richard Chamberlain.[18] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book |title=The Anarchy of the Imagination: Interviews, Essays, Notes, Rainer Werner Fassbinder | last=Töteberg | first=Michael | last2=Lensing |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1992|isbn=0801843693|location=Baltimore|pages=106}} 2. ^{{cite news |last1=Goodman |first1=Joan |title=Directing dangerously |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4706173/Directing-dangerously.html |accessdate=8 September 2018 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 November 1996}} 3. ^{{cite web|work=Cahiers du cinéma|publisher=The Moving Arts|url=http://www.themovingarts.com/greatest-films/cahiers-du-cinema-100-films/|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218072230/http://www.themovingarts.com/greatest-films/cahiers-du-cinema-100-films/|archivedate=December 18, 2013|title=Cahiers du Cinema 100 Films}} 4. ^1 Burgess Meredith is credited as director of the film The Man on the Eiffel Tower[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041628/fullcredits#directors]. Irving Allen and Laughton also directed but are not credited. 5. ^The Night of the Hunter: Not Noir http://www.filmsnoir.net. 6. ^{{cite web | first =Stuart| last = Oderman | title =Lillian Gish: A Life on Stage and Screen | publisher = McFarland | year= 2000| isbn=0-7864-0644-5 }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/17678/The-Night-of-the-Hunter/|work=Turner Classic Movies|title=The Night of the Hunter|accessdate=December 23, 2017}} 8. ^{{cite news|work=The New York Times|title=Movie Review -- Bogeyman Plus|author=Crowther, Bosley|date=September 30, 1955|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9407E2DE173DE53ABC4850DFBF66838E649EDE|accessdate=January 30, 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|work=Variety|title=The Night of the Hunter|author=Variety Staff|date=December 31, 1954|accessdate=January 20, 2018|url=https://variety.com/1954/film/reviews/the-night-of-the-hunter-1200417786/}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19961124/REVIEWS08/401010344/1023 |title=The Night of the Hunter (1955) |work=Chicago Sun-Times |author=Ebert, Roger |date=November 24, 1996}} 11. ^{{cite web | title = Cahiers du cinema: 100 most beautiful films in the world | url = http://www.cinemarealm.com:80/2007/11/04/cahiers-du-cinema-100-most-beautiful-films-in-the-world/ | date = 2008-11-04}} 12. ^{{cite web|work=Empire|url=http://www.empireonline.com/500/85.asp|title=The 500 Greatest Films Of All Time|accessdate=January 28, 2018|date=June 12, 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/night_of_the_hunter/ |accessdate=25 December 2018}} 14. ^1 {{cite web|work=Turner Classic Movies|title=The Night of the Hunter Home Video Review|accessdate=December 28, 2017|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/17678/The-Night-of-the-Hunter/home-video-reviews.html}} 15. ^{{cite web|work=The Criterion Collection|title=The Night of the Hunter (1955) | The Criterion Collection|accessdate=January 4, 2019|url=https://www.criterion.com/films/27525-the-night-of-the-hunter}} 16. ^Satola, Mark. Preview: A Rare Look Behind The Scenes Of The Night Of The Hunter 17. ^"Treasures from the UCLA Film and Television Archive" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622192335/http://cinema.wisc.edu/series/2009_spring/ucla.htm |date=2009-06-22 }} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102533/ |title=Night of the Hunter (1991) TV Movie |date=May 19, 2012}} Works cited
External links{{wikiquote}}
23 : 1955 films|1950s crime films|1950s horror films|American films|American crime thriller films|American black-and-white films|Directorial debut films|English-language films|Expressionist films|Films about capital punishment|Films about psychopaths|Films about siblings|Films based on American novels|Films based on thriller novels|Films directed by Charles Laughton|Films scored by Walter Schumann|Films set in the 1930s|Films set in West Virginia|Films shot in West Virginia|American serial killer films|Southern Gothic films|United States National Film Registry films|1950s Christmas films |
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