| 词条 | State Marriage Defense Act |
| 释义 |
The State Marriage Defense Act ({{USBill|113|HR|3829}}, {{USBill|113|S|2024}} in the 113th Congress, {{USBill|114|H.R.|824}}, {{USBill|114|S|435}} in the 114th Congress) is a proposed law introduced by Republican Senators Ted Cruz of Texas and Mike Lee of Utah[1] that defines the terms "spouse" and "marriage" as used in federal laws to always follow the definition used in the particular state where the law is applied. The bill is advocated by conservative and Christian Right organizations after United States v. Windsor, including the National Organization for Marriage, the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, Concerned Women for America, the Family Research Council and Heritage Action. LegislationThe legislation has 28 co-sponsors when it was introduced. Other organizations that expressed support were the National Organization for Marriage, the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, Concerned Women for America, and Heritage Action.[2] In the wake of the Supreme Court United States v. Windsor decision, federal agencies such as the IRS[3] use a "state of celebration" rule rather than a "state of domicile" rule to determine if a marriage is recognized. In response, the State Marriage Defense Act was introduced to the US Senate on October 8, 2014, by Republican Senators Ted Cruz of Texas and Mike Lee of Utah.[1] The Act would, for federal purposes, prohibit the term "marriage" from referring to any relationship that an individual's state of residence does not recognize, and prohibits the term "spouse" from including anyone whose marriage is not recognized by their state of residence.[4] Supporters of the proposed legislation take a states' rights approach. One fellow of the Family Research Council offered the example of a same-sex couple married in Massachusetts who live in South Carolina, which does not recognize their marriage: "When a federal agency such as the Internal Revenue Service begins treating that South Carolina couple as if they are married, the law of South Carolina is undermined, and the right of the people of South Carolina to pass marriage laws in their state is usurped."[5] The Council's President Tony Perkins said the Act "serves to protect state definitions of marriage against what the [Supreme] Court called efforts 'to put a thumb on the scales and influence a state's decision as to how to shape its own marriage laws'", quoting Windsor.[6] Detractors contend that this proposed new federal statute would violate the Equal Protection provisions in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. These Equal Protection provisions forbid any law which would treat any recognised class or classes of persons differently from any other persons. Indeed, the United States Supreme Court, in it 2013 decision in the Windsor case, struck parts of the Defense of Marriage Act as unconstitutional on these exact grounds. Because the entire point of this proposed State Marriage Defense Act would be to treat homosexuals differently from all other persons, it to would violate the Equal Protection provisions of the 5th and 14th Amendments. Thus, critics say the only way to bypass the Supreme Court's constitutional interpretation would be to enact a new Amendment to the constitution which would modify its Equal Protection provisions so that homosexuals could be treated differently from all of the persons. It is not realistic to imagine that such a new Amendment would be enacted. Salvatore Cordileone, Roman Catholic Archbishop of San Francisco and chairman of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops' Subcommittee for the Promotion and Defense of Marriage, endorsed the legislation on January 10. He objected to the Obama administration's decision to recognize a marriage based on its "place of celebration"—whether the marriage was valid at the time and place it was solemnized—without respect to state laws in effect where a married same-sex couples lives, a "place of domicile" rule. He wrote that "The Supreme Court's decision last year in U.S. v. Windsor ... requires the federal government to defer to state marriage law, not disregard it".[7][8]Gerard Bradley, Professor of Law at Notre Dame Law School, wrote that Windsor left government officials at different levels with "an acute choice-of-law question. Do the laws of the state of domicile or celebration prevail?" He criticized the Obama administration for allowing federal agencies like the Departments of State and Education to choose the "place of celebration" rule when federal statutes do not specify how to determine the validity of a marriage even though "[t]hese agencies have no inherent legal authority to define marriage." He contended that a state's control of the definition of marriage "within its borders, for the common good" was fundamental to its sovereignty, while the "extent to which any state's marriages travel to other states is a comparatively minor matter."[9] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/02/13/cruz-lee-introduce-state-marriage-defense-act/|title=Cruz, Lee introduce 'State Marriage Defense Act'|publisher=}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Weber Introduces "State Marriage Defense Act of 2014"|url=http://weber.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/weber-introduces-state-marriage-defense-act-of-2014|work=Press Releases|publisher=US House of Representatives|accessdate=January 16, 2014}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mwe.com/Treasury-Department--IRS-Issue-DOMA-Guidance-Adopt-a-State-of-Celebration-Approach-08-30-2013/|title=Treasury Department & IRS Issue DOMA Guidance —Adopt a "State of Celebration" Approach - Publications - Thought Leadership - McDermott Will and Emery|publisher=}} 4. ^https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3829 5. ^{{cite news|last=Ruse |first=Cathy Cleaver|title=Congress should protect states' right to define marriage|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jan/14/ruse-defending-the-right-of-states-to-define-marri/|accessdate=January 17, 2014|newspaper=Washington Times|date=January 14, 2014}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=FRC Endorses State Marriage Defense Act, January 9, 2014|url=http://www.frc.org/newsroom/frc-endorses-state-marriage-defense-act|publisher=Family Research Council|accessdate=January 16, 2014}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=Bill would require feds to respect state laws on traditional marriage|url=http://ncronline.org/news/politics/bill-would-require-feds-respect-state-laws-traditional-marriage|accessdate=January 16, 2014|newspaper=National Catholic Reporter|date=January 14, 2014}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=USCCB Subcommittee Chairman Strongly Endorses State Marriage Defense Act, January 10, 2014|url=http://www.usccb.org/news/2014/14-007.cfm|work=News Releases|publisher=US Conference of Catholic Bishops|accessdate=January 16, 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web|last=Bradley|first=Gerard V.|title=The State Marriage Defense Act, January 10, 2014|url=http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/01/11831/|publisher=Witherspoon Institute|accessdate=January 16, 2014}} 5 : Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress|Proposed legislation of the 114th United States Congress|Same-sex marriage in the United States|Same-sex union legislation in the United States|United States proposed federal legislation |
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