“Status quo of Holy Land sites”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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The status quo of the Holy Land sites, or Status Quo, is an understanding among religious communities with respect to nine shared religious sites in Jerusalem and Bethlehem.{{sfn|UN Conciliation Commission|1949|p=7}} Other Holy Places in Israel and Palestine were not deemed subject to the Status Quo because the authorities of one religion or of one community within a religion are in recognized or effective possession.{{sfn|UN Conciliation Commission|1949|p=7a|ps=: "As for example the Cenacle which, though a Christian Holy Place, has been in Moslem hands since the middle of the 16th century. The position that Christians do not in effect enjoy the right to hold services there is uncontested."}}

The status quo resulted from a firman (decree) of Ottoman Sultan Osman III in 1757^[1] that preserved the division of ownership and responsibilities of various sites important to Christians, Muslims, and Jews to their holders or owners, and represented agreements among the various religions that nothing could be changed without consensus. A further firman issued in 1853 reaffirming the provisions of the 1757 decree.^[2] The actual provisions of the Status Quo were never formally established, but the 1929 summary prepared by L. G. A. Cust, The Status Quo in the Holy Places, became the standard text on the subject.^[3]

History

When the Greeks launched a Palm Sunday takeover of various Holy Land sites in 1757^[4] the Ottomans subsequently upheld this status quo.^[5] The Ottoman Empire was in decline by the mid-19th century. In the years preceding the Crimean War, Napoleon III of France pressured the Sultan to invalidate the 1757 status quo, but Nicholas I of Russia threatened to invade Turkey if this occurred.^[4] This resulted in an 1853 firman (decree) which solidified the existing territorial division amongst the communities and stated that "The actual status quo will be maintained and the Jerusalem shrines, whether owned in common or exclusively by the Greek, Latin, and Armenian communities, will all remain forever in their present state." Despite this declaration, there are no unanimous terms defining the status quo, causing differences of opinion about upkeep and even minor changes.^[4]

As a result of the Status Quo, the city of Jerusalem was divided into four quarters. The Temple Mount became a Muslim holy place, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as well as various other sites were recognized as belonging to the Christian world. Despite the arguments over who would control what aspects of these sites, the Status Quo has remained largely intact from the 18th century to the present. Claims that it was being violated led to the 1929 Palestine riots. The 1929 summary of the Status Quo prepared by L. G. A. Cust, a civil servant of the British Mandate, The Status Quo in the Holy Places, quickly became the standard text on the subject.^[3]

The Status Quo has led to the neglect of badly needed repairs and the renovation of many pilgrimage sites when the communities cannot come to an agreement.{{cn|date=June 2018}} A visible symbol of this state of inactivity is the "Immovable Ladder", which has remained in the same place since at least 1757.

Sites

The Status Quo applies to nine sites in Jerusalem and Bethlehem:{{sfn|UN Conciliation Commission|1949|p=7}}

Disputed between Christian denominations

Disputed between Christian and Islamic denominations

Disputed between Jewish and Islamic denominations

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|editor1-last=Dumper|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Stanley|editor2-first=Bruce E.|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576079195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209|page=209}}
2. ^Morio, Eva Maurer, What does Status Quo stand for?, Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem.
3. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Breger |first1=Marshall J. |last2=Reiter |first2=Yitzhak |last3=Hammer |first3=Leonard |title=Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nROPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |date=16 December 2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-26812-1 |page=24}}
4. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/sepulchre.shtml|title=The Church of the Holy Sepulchre: A Work in Progress|author=Cohen, Raymond|date=May 2009|website=The Bible and Interpretation|accessdate=28 December 2018}}
5. ^McCarthy, Pat (2017), Church of St James, Jerusalem, See the Holy Land.
6. ^{{harvnb|Cust|1929}}: "The Grotto of the Milk and the Shepherd's Field near Bethlehem are also in general subject to the Status Quo, but in this connexion there is nothing on record concerning these two sites."
7. ^{{harvnb|Cust|1929}}: "The Grotto of the Milk and the Shepherd's Field near Bethlehem are also in general subject to the Status Quo, but in this connexion there is nothing on record concerning these two sites."

Bibliography

External links