| 词条 | St. Catherine's Lighthouse |
| 释义 |
| name = St Catherine's Lighthouse | image_name = File:CLight-wyrdlight-6712.jpg | caption = The lighthouse, with fog-signal tower attached | location = St. Catherine's Point Isle of Wight England | pushpin = lighthouse | relief =1 | pushpin_map = Isle of Wight | pushpin_map_caption = Isle of Wight | coordinates = {{coord|50|34|32.4|N|1|17|51.9|W|display=inline,title}} | yearbuilt = c.1323 (first) | yearlit = 1838 (current) | automated = 1997 | yeardeactivated = | foundation = | construction = ashlar | shape = hexagonal tower | marking = white tower and lantern | height = {{convert|27|m|abbr=on}} | focalheight = {{convert|41|m|abbr=on}} | lens = | currentlens = 2nd order four panel catadioptric | intensity = 821,000 candela | range = {{convert|25|nmi|abbr=on}} | characteristic = Fl W 5s. | fogsignal = | racon = | admiralty = A0774 | canada = | NGA = 1064 | ARLHS = ENG-143 | USCG = | managingagent = Trinity House[1] }} St. Catherine's Lighthouse is a lighthouse located at St Catherine's Point at the southern tip of the Isle of Wight. It is one of the oldest lighthouse locations in Great Britain. OriginsThe first lighthouse was established on St. Catherine's Down in 1323 on the orders of the Pope, after a ship ran aground nearby and its cargo was either lost or plundered. Once part of St. Catherine's Oratory, its octagonal stone tower can still be seen today on the hill to the west of Niton. It is known locally as the "Pepperpot".[2] History{{stack|}}The new lighthouse, built by Trinity House in 1838, was constructed as a {{convert|40|m|sing=on}} stone tower. When first built the light was oil-fuelled; its lamp, with four concentric wicks, was set within a large (first-order) fixed dioptric lens, built by Cookson & co. and surmounted by 250 mirrors (which were later replaced with prisms).[3] It was first lit on 1 March 1840;[4] however, the light was often obscured by fog, which led in due course to the height of the tower being reduced by {{convert|13|m|sing=on}} in 1875. At the same time the lamp was increased from four wicks to six and a system of 'dioptric mirrors' (prisms) was installed to redirect light from the landward side of the lamp out to sea.[5] In 1866 a Daboll trumpet fog signal was installed in a building on the cliff edge; it used a caloric engine to sound a reed attached to an acoustic horn. In the 1880s the decision was taken to convert the St Catherine's light to electric power. In 1888 a carbon arc lamp was installed, linked to a powerful set of De Méritens magneto-electric machines, powered by three Robey non-condensing compound steam engines. (St Catherine's was the last English lighthouse to be provided with an arc lamp).[6] A new optic was also provided (a second-order 16-sided revolving lens) along with a subsidiary apparatus which redirected light from the rear above the main lens to form a red sector light directed towards the Needles.[5] As well as a new Engine House, more cottages were built, to accommodate the additional staff required to operate the generating plant.[7] A new fog signal house was also built in 1888; in it a pair of double-noted 5-inch sirens were installed, sounding through a pair of upright horns, which emerged through the roof and were angled out to sea. Compressed air for the sirens was piped underground from the engine house, where the three engines were linked to an air compressor by way of a common drive shaft;[9] compressed air was also used to power the mechanism that turned the lens. The sirens sounded two blasts every minute: a higher note followed by a low note.[7] In 1901 a series of trials of different sirens and reeds attached to trumpets of different sizes and designs took place at St Catherine's (which had sufficient engine power to produce the required volume of compressed air). The tests were overseen by Lord Rayleigh, scientific adviser to Trinity House, whose distinctive and eponymous design of fog signal trumpet was installed at several different fog signal stations (though not at St Catherine's itself) in the wake of the trials.[9] In 1904 the 16-sided optic was removed from St Catherine's (and installed instead in South Foreland Lighthouse); the current 4-sided optic was installed in its place.[8] At the same time the red sector light was reconfigured, to shine from a window lower down in the tower, marking Atherfield Ledge.[9] The arc lamp was decommissioned in the 1920s; by this time it was the last operational arc lamp in a lighthouse in the UK (it is now displayed as an exhibit in Southsea Castle.)[10] By 1932 the fog horn house was being undermined by erosion; it was demolished and a second (smaller) tower was then built alongside the lighthouse to house a new more powerful 12-inch siren. On 1 June 1943 a bombing raid destroyed the engine house, killing the three duty keepers.[11] As part of the post-war repairs, a diaphone was installed in place of the siren. This was itself replaced by a 'supertyfon' air horn in 1962, when new engines and compressors were also installed; the fog signal was discontinued in 1987.[12] Present dayToday, the lighthouse has a range of {{convert|25|nmi}} and is the third-most powerful of all the lights maintained by Trinity House.[9] Trinity House provides tours of the lighthouse year round. Furthermore, cottages around the lighthouse can be rented out as holiday accommodation. {{-}}See also{{stack|{{Portal|Lighthouses}}}}
References1. ^[https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/lighthouse/engs.htm St. Catherine's] The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 26 April 2016 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Woodman and Wilson|title=The Lighthouses of Trinity House|date=2002|publisher=Reed|location=Bradford on Avon|isbn=1-904050-00-X}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Davenport Adams |first1=W. H. |title=The Story of our Lighthouses and Lightships: Descriptive and Historical |date=1891 |publisher=Thomas Nelson & Sons |location=London, Edinburgh & New York |page=122 |url=https://pharology.eu/resources/books/23)%20The%20Story%20of%20Our%20Lighthouses%20and%20Lightships%20-%20descriptive%20and%20historical%20(1891).pdf |accessdate=27 February 2019}} 4. ^{{cite web | title = Lighthouse management : the report of the Royal Commissioners on Lights, Buoys, and Beacons, 1861, examined and refuted Vol. 2 | pages = 81 | url = https://archive.org/stream/lighthousemanage02blak#page/81/mode/1up }} 5. ^1 {{cite web |title=1892 Institution of Mechanical Engineers: Visits to Works (13: St Catherine's Lighthouse) |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1892_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers:_Visits_to_Works#St_Catherine.27s_Lighthouse |website=Grace's Guide |accessdate=3 March 2019}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Schiffer |first1=Michael Bryan |title=Power Struggles: Scientific Authority and the Creation of Practical Electricity before Edison |date=2008 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=278}} 7. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Woodman |first1=Richard |last2=Wilson |first2=Jane |title=The Lighthouses of Trinity House |date=2002 |publisher=Thomas Reed |location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts. |pages=96-97}} 8. ^1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lighthouse 9. ^1 {{cite web |title=St Catherine's Lighthouse |url=https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouses-and-lightvessels/st-catherines-lighthouse |website=Trinity House |accessdate=3 March 2019}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=Southsea Castle Lighthouse |url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMFRPJ_Southsea_Castle_Lighthouse_Clarence_Esplanade_Southsea_Portsmouth_Hampshire_UK |website=Waymarking.com |accessdate=16 March 2019}} 11. ^{{cite web |title=St Catherine's Lighthouse |url=https://www.redfunnel.co.uk/en/isle-of-wight-guide/places-to-visit/st-catherines-lighthouse/ |website=Red Funnel |accessdate=26 March 2019}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Renton |first1=Alan |title=Lost Sounds: The Story of Coast Fog Signals |date=2001 |publisher=Whittles |location=Caithness, Scotland}} External links
{{commonscat|position=left|St. Catherine's Lighthouse}} {{UK-lighthouse-stub}}{{Lighthouses of Trinity House}}{{Lighthouses in England}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Catherines Lighthouse}} 6 : Grade II listed buildings on the Isle of Wight|Grade II listed lighthouses|Lighthouse museums in England|Lighthouses in England|Lighthouses of the English Channel|Museums on the Isle of Wight |
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