| 词条 | The Origins of Totalitarianism |
| 释义 |
| name = The Origins of Totalitarianism | title_orig = | translator = | image = Arendt, H. - Origins of Totalitarianism.jpg | caption = The 1951 edition | author = Hannah Arendt | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = | language = English | series = | subject = Nazism, Stalinism, totalitarianism | publisher = Schocken Books | release_date = 1951 | english_release_date = | media_type = Print (hardcover and paperback) | pages = 704 | isbn = | dewey= 320.53 22 | congress= JC480 .A74 2004 | oclc= 52814049 | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} The Origins of Totalitarianism, published in 1951, was Hannah Arendt's first major work, wherein she describes and analyzes Nazism and Stalinism, the major totalitarian political movements of the first half of the 20th century. The book is regularly listed as one of the best non-fiction books of the 20th century. HistoryThe Origins of Totalitarianism{{sfn|Arendt|1976}} was first published in English in 1951. A German translation was published in 1955 as {{lang|de|Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft}} ("Elements and Origins of Totalitarian Rule"). A second, enlarged edition was published in 1958, and contained two additional chapters, replacing her original "Concluding Remarks".{{sfn|Arendt|1976|loc=p. xxiv}} Chapter Thirteen was titled "Ideology and Terror: A novel form of government", which she had published separately in 1953.{{sfn|Arendt|1953}} Chapter Fourteen dealt with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, entitled "Epilogue: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution". Subsequent editions omitted this chapter, which was published separately in English ("Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution"){{sfn|Arendt|1958}} and German (Die ungarische Revolution und der totalitäre Imperialismus){{sfn|Arendt|1958a}} in 1958.{{sfn|Szécsényi|2005}} Structure and contentThe Origins of Totalitarianism, like many of Arendt's books is structured as three essays, "Antisemitism", "Imperialism" and "Totalitarianism". The book describes the various preconditions and subsequent rise of anti-Semitism in central, eastern, and western Europe in the early-to-mid 19th century; then examines the New Imperialism, from 1884 to the start of the First World War (1914–18); then traces the emergence of racism as an ideology, and its modern application as an “ideological weapon for imperialism”, by the Boers during the Great Trek (1830s–40s) in the early 19th century. In this book, Arendt argues that totalitarianism was a "novel form of government," that "differs essentially from other forms of political oppression known to us such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship"{{sfn|Arendt|1976|loc=p. 460}} in that it applied terror to subjugate mass populations rather than just political adversaries.{{sfn|Arendt|1953}}{{sfn|FCG|2018|loc=Introduction}} She further contends that Jewry was not the operative factor in the Holocaust, but merely a convenient proxy. That totalitarianism in Germany was, in the end, about terror and consistency, not eradicating Jews only.{{sfn|Riesman|1951}}{{sfn|FCG|2018|loc=Introduction}} A key concept arising from this book, was the application of Kant's phrase "Radical Evil",{{sfn|Copjec|1996}} which she applied to the men who created and carried out such tyranny and their depiction of their victims as "Superflous People".{{sfn|Hattem|Hattem|2005}}{{sfn|Heller|2015|loc=p. 7}} Analysis of antisemitism and imperialismArendt begins the book with an analysis of the rise of antisemitism in Europe, particularly focusing on the Dreyfus affair.{{sfn|Riesman|1951}} She then discusses scientific racism, and its role in colonialist imperialism, itself characterized by unlimited territorial and economic expansion.{{sfn|Riesman|1951}} That unlimited expansion necessarily opposed itself and was hostile to the territorially delimited nation-state. Arendt traces the roots of modern imperialism to the accumulation of excess capital in European nation-states during the 19th century. This capital required overseas investments outside of Europe to be productive and political control had to be expanded overseas to protect the investments. She then examines "continental imperialism" (pan-Germanism and pan-Slavism) and the emergence of "movements" substituting themselves to the political parties. These movements are hostile to the state and antiparliamentarist and gradually institutionalize anti-Semitism and other kinds of racism. Arendt concludes that while Italian Fascism was a nationalist authoritarian movement, Nazism and Stalinism were totalitarian movements that sought to eliminate all restraints upon the power of the movement. Mechanics of totalitarian movementsThe book's final section is devoted to describing the mechanics of totalitarian movements, focusing on Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Here, Arendt discusses the transformation of classes into masses, the role of propaganda in dealing with the non-totalitarian world, and the use of terror, essential to this form of government. Totalitarian movements are fundamentally different from autocratic regimes, says Arendt, insofar as autocratic regimes seek only to gain absolute political power and to outlaw opposition, while totalitarian regimes seek to dominate every aspect of everyone's life as a prelude to world domination. She states: ... Intellectual, spiritual, and artistic initiative is as dangerous to totalitarianism as the gangster initiative of the mob, and both are more dangerous than mere political opposition. The consistent persecution of every higher form of intellectual activity by the new mass leaders springs from more than their natural resentment against everything they cannot understand. Total domination does not allow for free initiative in any field of life, for any activity that is not entirely predictable. Totalitarianism in power invariably replaces all first-rate talents, regardless of their sympathies, with those crackpots and fools whose lack of intelligence and creativity is still the best guarantee of their loyalty. {{sfn|Arendt|1976|loc=Chapter Ten: A Classless Society, p.416}}Arendt discusses the use of front organizations, fake governmental agencies, and esoteric doctrines as a means of concealing the radical nature of totalitarian aims from the non-totalitarian world. A final section added to the second edition of the book in 1958 suggests that individual isolation and loneliness are preconditions for totalitarian domination. Such scholars as Jürgen Habermas supported Arendt in her 20th century criticism of totalitarian readings of Marxism. This commentary on Marxism has indicated concerns with the limits of totalitarian perspectives often associated with Marx's apparent over-estimation of the emancipatory potential of the forces of production. Habermas extends this critique in his writings on functional reductionism in the life-world in his Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. As Habermas states: ... traditional Marxist analysis ... today, when we use the means of the critique of political economy ... can no longer make clear predictions: for that, one would still have to assume the autonomy of a self-reproducing economic system. I do not believe in such an autonomy. Precisely for this reason, the laws governing the economic system are no longer identical to the ones Marx analyzed. Of course, this does not mean that it would be wrong to analyze the mechanism which drives the economic system; but in order for the orthodox version of such an analysis to be valid, the influence of the political system would have to be ignored.[1] ReceptionLe Monde placed the book among the 100 best books of any kind of the 20th century, while the National Review ranked it #15 on its list of the 100 best non-fiction books of the century.[2] The Intercollegiate Studies Institute listed it among the 50 best non-fiction books of the century.[3] The book made a major impact on Norman Podhoretz, who compared the pleasure of reading it to that of reading a great poem or novel.[4] The book sold out on Amazon in January 2017, as part of a bump in interest in books about totalitarianism around the inauguration of President Donald Trump.{{sfn|Williams|2017}} The book has also attracted criticism. The most comprehensive may have been in the Times Literary Supplement in 2009 by University of Chicago professor Bernard Wasserstein.[5] Wasserstein cited Arendt's systematic internalization of the various anti-Semitic and Nazi sources and books she was familiar with, which led to the use of many of these sources as authorities in the book.[6] Another criticism from some on the left, was that the work presented the two movements of Communism and Nazism as equally tyrannical.{{sfn|Nisbet|1992}} See also
References1. ^Habermas, Jurgen (1981), Kleine Politische Schrifen I-IV, pp. 500f. 2. ^The 100 Best Non-fiction Books of the Century, National Review 3. ^Intercollegiate Studies Institute's "50 Best Books of the 20th Century" (Non-fiction) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620225917/http://www.listsofbests.com/list/91 |date=2006-06-20 }} 4. ^{{cite book |author=Podhoretz, Norman |title=Ex-Friends: Falling out with Allen Ginsberg, Lionel and Diana Trilling, Lillian Helman, Hannah Arendt, and Norman Mailer |publisher=The Free Press |location=New York |year=1999 |page=143 |isbn=0-684-85594-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} 5. ^{{cite web|last=Horowitz|first=Irving Louis|title=Assaulting Arendt|url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2010/02/assaulting-arendt|work=First Things|accessdate=11 March 2014|date=January 2010}} 6. ^{{cite journal | title=Blame the Victim—Hannah Arendt Among the Nazis: the Historian and Her Sources | author=Wasserstein, Bernard | journal=Times Literary Supplement |date=October 2009 }} Bibliography{{refbegin|30em}}
Works by Arendt
External links
7 : 1951 books|Books by Hannah Arendt|Books about fascism|Books about Nazism|Works about Stalinism|Books about antisemitism|Works about New Imperialism |
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