1. Plot introduction

2. Plot summary

3. Characters
    Characters repeated in other Christie works 

4. Literary significance and reception

5. References or allusions
    References to other works  References in actual history 

6. Film, TV, radio or theatrical adaptations

7. Publication history

8. References

9. External links

The Pale Horse is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1961^[1] and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company the following year.^[2][3] The UK edition retailed at fifteen shillings (15/- = 75p)^[1] and the US edition at $3.75.^[3] The novel features her novelist detective Ariadne Oliver as a minor character, and reflects in tone the supernatural novels of Dennis Wheatley who was then at the height of his popularity. The Pale Horse is mentioned in Revelation 6:8, where it is ridden by Death.

Plot introduction

A dying woman, Mrs Davis, gives her last confession to Father Gorman, a Catholic priest, but along with her confession she gives him a list of names and a terrible secret. Before he can take action, however, he is struck dead in the fog. As the police begin to investigate, a young hero begins to piece together evidence that sets him upon a converging path.

Plot summary

Mark Easterbrook, the hero of the book and its principal narrator, sees a fight between two girls in a Chelsea coffee bar during which one pulls out some of the other's hair at the roots. Soon afterwards he learns that this second girl, Thomasina Tuckerton, has died. At dinner with a friend, a woman named Poppy Stirling mentions something called the Pale Horse that arranges deaths, but is suddenly scared at having mentioned it and will say no more.

When Mark encounters the police surgeon, Corrigan, he learns of the list of surnames found in Father Gorman's shoe. The list includes the names Corrigan, Tuckerton and Hesketh-Dubois (the same name as Mark's godmother who has recently died of what appear to be natural causes). He begins to fear that the list contains the names of those dead or shortly to die.

When Mark goes to Much Deeping^[4] with the famous mystery writer, Ariadne Oliver, to a village fete organised by his cousin, he learns of a house converted from an old inn called the Pale Horse, now inhabited by three modern "witches" led by Thyrza Grey. Visiting houses in the area, he meets a wheelchair-using man, Mr Venables, who has no apparent explanation for his substantial wealth. He also visits the Pale Horse, where Thyrza discusses with Mark the ability to kill at a distance, which she claims to have developed. In retrospect it seems to Mark that she has been outlining to him a service that she would be willing to provide. In the police investigation, there is a witness, Zachariah Osborne, who describes a man seen following Father Gorman shortly before the murder. Later, he contacts the police to say that he has seen this same man in a wheelchair: it is Venables. When he learns that Venables suffered from polio and is incapable of standing due to atrophy of the legs, Osborne is nonetheless certain of his identification and begins to suggest ways that Venables could have faked his own disability.

When Mark's girlfriend Hermia does not take his growing fears seriously, he becomes disaffected with her. He does, however, receive support from Ariadne Oliver, and from a vicar's wife (Mrs Dane Calthrop) who desires him to stop whatever evil may be taking place. He also makes an ally of Ginger Corrigan, a girl whom he has met in the area, and who successfully draws Poppy out about the Pale Horse organisation. She obtains from her an address in Birmingham where he meets Mr Bradley, a disbarred lawyer who outlines to him the means by which the Pale Horse functions without breaking the law, i.e. Bradley bets that someone will die within a certain period of time and the client bets otherwise. If the person in question does die within a certain period of time, then the client must pay or else (one client who refused fell in front of an oncoming train and was killed).

With the agreement of Inspector Lejeune and the co-operation of Ginger, Mark agrees to solicit the murder of his first wife, who will be played by Ginger. At a ritual of some kind at the Pale Horse, Mark witnesses Thyrza apparently channel a malignant spirit through an electrical apparatus. Shortly afterwards, Ginger falls ill and begins to decline rapidly. In desperation, Mark turns to Poppy again, who now mentions a friend (Eileen Brandon) who resigned from a research organisation called CRC (Customers' Reactions Classified) that seems to be connected with the Pale Horse. When Mrs Brandon is interviewed, she reveals that both she and Mrs Davis worked for the organisation, which surveyed targeted people about what foods, cosmetics, and proprietary medicines they used.

Mrs Oliver now contacts Mark with a key connection that she has made: another victim of the Pale Horse (Mary Delafontaine) has lost her hair during her illness. The same thing happened to Lady Hesketh-Dubois, and Thomasina's hair was easily pulled out during the fight. Moreover, Ginger has begun to shed her own hair. Mark recognises that these are symptoms, not of satanic assassination of some sort, but of thallium poisoning.

At the end of the novel it is revealed that Osborne has been the brains behind the Pale Horse organisation; the black magic element was entirely a piece of misdirection on his part, while the murders were really committed by replacing products the victims had named in the CRC survey with poisoned ones. Osborne's clumsy attempt to implicate Venables was his final mistake. After Osborne's arrest, Mark and Ginger, who is recovering, become engaged.

Characters

• Mark Easterbrook, a historian researching the Moguls
• Inspector Lejeune, the investigating officer
• Ariadne Oliver, the celebrated author (based on Agatha Christie)
• Jim Corrigan, the police surgeon
• Ginger Corrigan, a young woman (not related to Jim)
• Mr. Venables, a wealthy, wheelchair-using man
• Zachariah Osborne, a pharmacist
• Mr Bradley, legal representative of The Pale Horse
• Thyrza Grey, a practitioner of the Dark Arts
• Sybil Stamfordis, a medium
• Bella Webb, Thyrza Grey's cook and self-professed witch
• Thomasina Tuckerton, a wealthy young woman
• Pamela "Poppy" Stirling, an employee of Flower Studies Ltd.
• Rev Dane Calthrop, the local vicar
• Mrs Dane Calthrop, the vicar's wife
• Rhoda Despard, Mark Easterbrook's cousin
• Colonel Hugh Despard, Rhoda's husband
• Mrs Tuckerton, Thomasina's stepmother (and heiress)
• Mrs Coppins, owner of the boarding house where Mrs Davis dies
• Eileen Brandon, a former employee of Customers' Reactions Classified
• Hermia Redcliffe, Mark's pretentious girlfriend
• David Ardingley, a historian friend of Mark
• Father Gorman, a Roman Catholic priest

Characters repeated in other Christie works

• Ariadne Oliver also appears in Parker Pyne Investigates, Cards on the Table, Mrs McGinty's Dead, Dead Man's Folly, Third Girl, Hallowe'en Party, and Elephants Can Remember.
• Colonel Despard (as Major Despard) and Rhoda Dawes (maiden name) both also appear in Cards on the Table.
• Rev and Mrs Dane Calthrop both also appear in The Moving Finger.
• A character named Mary Delafontaine appears in the short story "How Does Your Garden Grow?" (though it is a different woman)

Literary significance and reception

Francis Iles (Anthony Berkeley Cox) praised the novel in the 8 December 1961 issue of The Guardian: "Mrs Agatha Christie is our nearest approach to perpetual motion. And not only does she never stop, but she drops the ball into the cup nearly every time; and if one is sometimes reminded of those automatic machines where one pulls a handle and out pops the finished product, that is a compliment to the automatic machine and not by any means a reflection on Mrs Christie. For the latest tug on the Christie handle produces a product which is not only up to the standard but even above it. The Pale Horse is in fact the best sample from this particular factory for some time, and that is saying plenty. The black magic theme is handled in a masterly and sinister fashion, and to give away what lay behind it would be unforgivable. This is a book which nobody (repeat, nobody) should miss."^[5] Iles further named the novel as his favourite in the paper's Critic's choice for the end of the year, published one week later, writing that "It has not been an outstanding year for crime fiction, but as usual there have been one or two first-class items. The best puzzle has certainly been Agatha Christie's The Pale Horse."^[6]

In the "Binge!" article of Entertainment Weekly Issue #1343-44 (26 December 2014–3 January 2015), the writers picked The Pale Horse as an "EW favorite" on the list of the "Nine Great Christie Novels".^[8]

References or allusions

References to other works

This novel is notable as several of her earlier characters reappear in this book. In addition to Ariadne Oliver, Major Despard and his wife Rhoda (who met and fell in love in Cards on the Table) also participate in the plot. Mrs Dane Calthrop from The Moving Finger also reappears in approximately the same role as she played in that book: the rational but devoted Christian who wants the evil stopped.

Mrs Oliver is apprehensive of attending a fete, for reasons that will be apparent to readers of her previous appearance in a Christie novel: Dead Man's Folly.

Mrs Lancaster from By the Pricking of My Thumbs may have been mentioned in a conversation, when one of the characters, David Ardingly, mentions how he met an old lady in a mental home who says exactly the same phrase which chilled Tuppence to the bone, and which had a similar effect on Ardingly. Mrs Lancaster mentioned "ten past eleven", though, while Ardingly's recollection placed the mentioned time at "12.10".

References in actual history

This novel is notable among Christie's books as it is credited with having saved at least two lives after readers recognised the symptoms of thallium poisoning from its description in the book.

• In 1975, Christie received a letter from a woman in Latin America who recognised the symptoms of thallium poisoning, thus saving a woman from slow poisoning by her husband.
• In 1977, a 19-month-old infant from Qatar was suffering from a mysterious illness. After the baby was flown to London, Marsha Maitland, a nurse who had been reading The Pale Horse correctly suggested that the baby was suffering from thallium poisoning.^[9]
• In another instance, in 1971, a serial killer, Graham Frederick Young, who had poisoned several people, three fatally, was caught thanks to this book. A doctor conferring with Scotland Yard had read The Pale Horse and realised that the mysterious "Bovingdon bug" (the deaths occurred in a factory in Bovingdon, England) was in fact thallium poisoning.^[10]

The novel is also cited to have been the "inspiration" of what was dubbed "The Mensa Murder". In 1988, George Trepal, a Mensa Club member, poisoned his neighbours, Pye and Peggy Carr and their children, with thallium introduced in a Coca-Cola Classic bottles eight-pack. Peggy Carr succumbed while the others survived the attack.^[11]

Film, TV, radio or theatrical adaptations

The novel was first adapted for TV, by ITV in 1996, in a one-hour-forty-minute TV film with Colin Buchanan as Mark Easterbrook. This version omitted the character of Ariadne Oliver. It makes Easterbrook the suspect in the killing of Father Gorman. At first it seems that the murders are masterminded by Venables, who it transpires is not disabled, but ultimately Osbourne is still revealed as the murderer.^[12]

A second adaptation was later made by the same network, done by Russell Lewis for the fifth series of ITV's Agatha Christie's Marple starring Julia McKenzie in 2010.^[13] As the character of Miss Marple was made the chief sleuth of the plot, several changes were made for the adaptation:

• The characters of Ariadne Oliver, Pamela "Poppy" Stirling, Colonel and Rhoda Despard, Jim Corrigan, and Rev. and Mrs Dane Calthrop, are omitted from the adaptation; the omission of Rhoda and Colonel Despard is probably due to the fact that in the Agatha Christie's Poirot adaptation of Cards on the Table, Rhoda dies in place of Anne Meredith, and Colonel Despard falls in love with Anne instead.
• New character were invented for it:
  • Captain Cottam - a local in Much Deeping with a firm dislike of Venables. Both men do not see eye to eye, with Cottam claiming Venables was responsible for a fire at his home.
  • Kanga Cottam - Wife of the Captain, staying with him at The Pale Horse
  • Lydia Harsnet - Housekeeper of the Cottams, who secretly is having an affair with the husband.
• Father Gorman is made a friend of Miss Marple, and sends her the list of names he received from Mrs Davis to her just before his murder. After learning of his death, and coming to London, Miss Marple visits Mrs Davis home, and finds a second list of names in one of her shoes; because Pamela is omitted from the adaptation, Miss Marple is led to the Pale Horse by the second list, written on headed paper taken from the hotel, which also included dates next the names on it.
• While The Pale Horse is converted from a house in the novel, the adaptation places it as always being a hotel, and was bought by Thyrza Grey and her associates shortly after the previous owner lost their wife. The fete held at the village still occur, but has no involvement from Mark Easterbrook's cousin.
• Bradley's office is relocated from Birmingham, to Charing Cross, London, while his address is given to Miss Marple through Ginger Corrigan, who found a card of his during a party held by Mrs Tuckerton, owing to the omission of Pamela as she revealed that information to Ginger in the novel.
• Thomasina Tuckerton is not involved in a fight in the adaptation.
• The first name of Osbourne was changed from Zachariah to Paul, while his profession is changed to being a member of a Sales Office, not a pharmacist. Other modifications included an attempt by Osbourne to poison Miss Marple, who tricks him into believing she had been but hadn't and reveals she had discovered his attempt by a mistake he made in not observing her sense of order, and a slight change in the solicitation of murder made by Mark, in which the police involvement is greater, while Ginger does not fall ill as she is not poisoned.
• The knowledge of Mrs Davis' involvement with CRC, is found differently due to the omissions of Pamela and Eileen - Inspector Lejeune learns about CRC by having Bradley tailed, shortly after meeting Marple outside his offices, to which Marple suspects that Mrs Davis was involved with them owing to her earlier asking Mrs Coppins about her work.
• A narrative error in the film concerns Osbourne's attempt to cast suspicion on Venables. He takes Miss Marple to spy on Venables' house after dark, where they see him get up from his wheelchair to draw the curtains. (This reinforces Osbourne's false claim to have earlier observed Venables (or an identical double) cosh Fr. Gorman in London.) The final confrontation scene does not explain this anomaly.

The novel has been adapted twice for BBC Radio:

• First in 1993 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of BBC Radio 4's Saturday Night Theatre, dramatized by Michael Bakewell and featuring Jeremy Clyde as Mark Easterbrooke, Stephanie Cole as Ariadne Oliver, Terence Alexander as Mr. Venables, Mary Wimbush as Thyrza Grey, Hilda Schroder as Bella, Stephen Hodson as Jim Corrigan, Jonathan Adams as Inspector Lejeune and Federay Holmes as Ginger.^[14]
• A new BBC Radio 4 adaptation in three parts was first broadcast in September 2014 and has been re-broadcast in January 2018, dramatized by Joy Wikinson and featuring Jason Hughes as Mark Easterbrook, Eleanor Bron as Thyrza, Georgia Groome as Ginger, Michael Bertenshaw as Inspector Lejeune, Phoebe Pryce as Hermia, Ron Cook as Osborne and Nicholas Jones as Venables.^[15]

Publication history

• 1961, Collins Crime Club (London), 6 November 1961, Hardback, 256 pp
• 1962, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), 1962, Hardback, 242 pp
• 1963, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback
• 1964, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 191 pp
• 1965, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 256 pp
• 2011, HarperCollins; Facsimile edition Hardcover: 256 pages {{ISBN|978-0-00-739572-9}}

The novel was first serialised in the British weekly magazine Woman’s Mirror in eight abridged instalments from 2 September to 21 October 1961 with illustrations by Zelinski.

In the US a condensed version of the novel appeared in the April 1962 (Volume LXXIX, Number 4) issue of the Ladies Home Journal with an illustration by Eugenie Louis.

References

External links

• The Pale Horse at the official Agatha Christie website
• Social Affairs Unit article on The Pale Horse
• {{IMDb title|id= 0117282|title=The Pale Horse}}

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