| 词条 | Stoney language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Stoney |nativename=Nakoda, Nakota, Isga |states=Canada |region= |ethnicity=Nakota: Stoney |speakers={{sigfig|3,160|2}} |date=2011 census |ref=e18 |familycolor=American |fam1=Siouan |fam2=Western Siouan |fam3=Mississippi Valley Siouan |fam4=Dakotan |iso3=sto |glotto=ston1242 |glottorefname=Stoney |map=Stoney lang.png |mapcaption=The location of Stoney / Nakoda }}Stoney—also called Nakota, Nakoda, Isga, and formerly Alberta Assiniboine—is a member of the Dakota subgroup of the Mississippi Valley grouping of the Siouan languages.[1] The Dakotan languages constitute a dialect continuum consisting of Santee-Sisseton (Dakota), Yankton-Yanktonai (Dakota), Teton (Lakota), Assiniboine, and Stoney.[2] Stoney is the most linguistically divergent of the Dakotan dialects[3] and has been described as “on the verge of becoming a separate language”. The Stoneys are the only Siouan people that live entirely in Canada,[2] and the Stoney language is spoken by five groups in Alberta.[4][5] No official language survey has been undertaken for every community where Stoney is spoken, but the language may be spoken by as many as a few thousand people, primarily at the Morley community.[6] Relationship to AssiniboineStoney’s closest linguistic relative is Assiniboine.[7] The two have often been confused with each other due to their close historical and linguistic relationship, but they are not mutually intelligible.[1] Stoney either developed from Assiniboine, or both Stoney and Assiniboine developed from a common ancestor language.[8][9] PhonologyVery little linguistic documentation and descriptive research has been done on Stoney. However, Stoney varieties demonstrate broad phonological similarity with some important divergences. For example, the following phonemes are reportedly found in Morley Stoney, spoken on the Morley Reserve:
For comparison, these phonemes reportedly characterize the Stoney spoken at Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, which maintains the common Siouan three-way contrast[11] between plain, aspirated, and ejective stops:
Notice that Alexis Stoney, for example, has innovated contrastive vowel length, which is not found in other Dakotan dialects.[13] Alexis Stoney also has long and nasal mid vowels:[14]
Word Set (includes numbers)
Phonetic differences from other Dakotan languagesThe following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between Stoney, Assiniboine, and the three dialects (Lakota, Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) of Sioux.[16][2]
References1. ^1 {{cite book |last1= Parks|first1= Douglas R. |author2=Rankin, Robert L. |year=2001|chapter= Siouan languages|editor1-last= DeMaille |editor1-first= Raymond J. |editor2-last= Sturtevant|editor2-first= William C. |title= Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains|publisher= Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution|pages= 94–114}} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Parks|first=Douglas R.|last2=DeMallie|first2=Raymond J.|date=1992|title=Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: A Classification|jstor=30028376|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=34|issue=1/4|pages=233–255}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last=Taylor |first= Alan R. |year=1981|title=Variation in Canadian Assiniboine |journal=Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Newsletter}} 4. ^{{cite book |last= Andersen|first= Raoul R. |date= 1968|title= An inquiry into the political and economic structures of the Alexis band of Wood Stoney Indians, 1880-1964 |publisher= Columbia: University of Missouri PhD dissertation}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last=Taylor |first= Alan R. |year=1981|title=Variation in Canadian Assiniboine |journal=Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Newsletter}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1= Cook|first1= Eung-Do |author2=Owens, Camille C. |year=1991|title=Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney |journal=Papers from the American Indian languages conferences held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991. |pages= 135–146}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1= DeMallie|first1= Raymond |author2=Miller, David Reed |year=2001|chapter= Assiniboine|editor1-last= DeMaille |editor1-first= Raymond J. |editor2-last= Sturtevant|editor2-first= William C. |title= Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains|publisher= Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution|pages= 572–595}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1= Cook|first1= Eung-Do |author2=Owens, Camille C. |year=1991|title=Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney |journal=Papers from the American Indian languages conferences held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991. |pages= 135–146}} 9. ^{{cite book |last= Erdman|first= Corrie Lee Rhyasen |date= 1997|title= Stress in Stoney |publisher= Calgary: University of Calgary MA thesis}} 10. ^1 {{cite book |last= Bellam|first= Ernest Jay |date= 1975|title= Studies in Stoney phonology and morphology |publisher= Calgary: University of Calgary MA thesis}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1= Parks|first1= Douglas R. |author2=Rankin, Robert L. |year=2001|chapter= Siouan languages|editor1-last= DeMaille |editor1-first= Raymond J. |editor2-last= Sturtevant|editor2-first= William C. |title= Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 13: Plains|publisher= Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution|pages= 94–114}} 12. ^{{cite book |last= Erdman|first= Corrie Lee Rhyasen |date= 1997|title= Stress in Stoney |publisher= Calgary: University of Calgary MA thesis}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1= Cook|first1= Eung-Do |author2=Owens, Camille C. |year=1991|title=Conservative and innovative features in Alexis Stoney |journal=Papers from the American Indian languages conferences held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991 |pages= 135–146}} 14. ^{{cite book |last= Erdman|first= Corrie Lee Rhyasen |date= 1997|title= Stress in Stoney |publisher= Calgary: University of Calgary MA thesis}} 15. ^{{cite book |last= Erdman|first= Corrie Lee Rhyasen |date= 1997|title= Stress in Stoney |publisher= Calgary: University of Calgary MA thesis}} 16. ^{{cite book | last = Ullrich | first = Jan | title = New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) | publisher = Lakota Language Consortium |year=2008 | pages = 4 | isbn = 0-9761082-9-1}} To be precise, Ullrich states that Stoney "is completely unintelligible to Lakota and Dakota speakers", while Assiniboine is not comprehensible to them, "unless they have been exposed to it extensively" (p. 2). External links
3 : Indigenous languages of the North American Plains|First Nations languages in Canada|Western Siouan languages |
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