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词条 Strategic pluralism
释义
      Experimental Studies  

  1. See also

  2. References

Strategic pluralism is a theory in evolutionary biology that suggests that women have evolved to evaluate men in two categories: whether they are reliable long term providers, and whether they contain high quality genes.[1] Ideally, a woman would attract and pair-bond with a mate that has both long-term providing benefits, while also carrying quality genes that are inheritable by her offspring. But since men that excel in both categories are very rare to come by, not all women will be able to secure such a man.[2][3][4]

This leads to most women facing trade-offs in their mating choice. To solve the problem of these trade-offs, the theory of strategic pluralism says that women may have evolved to pursue a dual-mating strategy, whereby they secure long-term investments from one mate, while securing high quality genes from another (an extrapair) mate when they are ovulating.[5]

This dual mating strategy would allow them to receive good genetic offspring while also having another mate who can assist with the parental responsibilities. This strategy allows for the females to get the most return on their investment into the relationship with the mate and ensure her genes have the highest possibility of being passed on to another generation.

Although we have information about this phenomenon, a majority of it comes from psychology studies performed with human participants. While not ideal, it is the best way that we have been able to perform many studies. Some of the major studies done include examining

  • what different sexes prioritized when looking for a potential mate based on the proposed length of the relationship
  • whether there was a hormonal component that came from the type of birth control a woman was on.

This topic is important for our continued learning of where all organisms came from and how they choose mates. With more information we would be able to explain in greater detail the finer points of mate selection and evolution as a whole.

Experimental Studies

Although strategic pluralism is postulated for both animals and humans, the majority of experiments have been performed with humans. One experiment concluded that between short term and long term relationships, males and females prioritized different things. It was shown that both preferred physical attractiveness for short term mates. However females preferred males with traits that indicated that they could be better caretakers, whereas the males did not change their priorities. [6]

The experimenters determined using the following setup: subjects were given an overall 'budget' and asked to assign points to different traits.[7] For long-term mates, women gave more points to social and kindness traits, agreeing with results found in other studies suggesting that females prefer long term mates who would provide resources and emotional security for them as opposed to physically attractive mates. [8][9] The females also prefer males who can offer them more financial security as this would help them raise their offspring.[10]

Females have also chosen males who have more feminine appearances because of an (hypothesized) inverse relationship between a male's facial attractiveness and effort willing to spend in raising offspring. That is, more attractive males often put in less work as a caretaker while less attractive males will put in more work. [11] On average, there is a wide amount of variability in male preferences than in females. This suggests there are enough of both males more suited for short term relationships and those more suited for longer relationships. [12]

Another experiment concluded that there is a hormonal component to this phenomenon as well. This experiment consisted of two stages:

  1. The first involved having people walk in front of cameras to capture how they walked.
  2. The second part had a group of participants. The females of that group
    • were selected based on the form of birth control they used, to study how hormones affected the resultant walk.
    • were only allowed to participate if they were in the late luteal phase of menstruation (this was verified using chemical tests, having the women critique a hypothetical 'walker' until it was as attractive as possible, and using data obtained from part 1). &91;13&93;

In all, females preferred a walk that was more masculine while females on hormonal birth control preferred a much more masculine walker than anyone else. [4] This agrees with the idea that females can use apparent masculinity as a way of indirectly measuring the amount of testosterone a male has, where more masculine males would have a higher level of testosterone.[14] While females search for mates with a high level of testosterone during ovulation, outside of ovulation they look more for a mate that seems more feminine, thus seemingly preferring less masculine mates who would seem to be more apt caretakers. [15]

See also

  • Ovulatory shift hypothesis
  • Human mating strategies
  • Extra-pair copulation
  • Sexual selection in humans

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Steven|first=Gangestad|date=2000|title=The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2501/4111342d5d63846b59242502e0dde4fd7602.pdf|journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences|volume=23|issue=4|pages=573–644|via=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0140525X0000337X}}
2. ^{{Cite journal|last=A. Frederick|first=David|date=19 June 2007|title=Why Is Muscularity Sexy? Tests of the Fitness Indicator Hypothesis|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/papers/downloads/Frederick_Haselton_2007_Muscularity_sexy.pdf|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|volume=33|issue=8|pages=1167–1183|via=SAGE|doi=10.1177/0146167207303022|pmid=17578932}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279541781|title=Strategic pluralism and context-specific mate preferences in humans|last=A Simpson|first=Jeffry|journal=From Mating to Mentality: Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology|year=2003|isbn=9780203484708|volume=|pages=|doi=10.4324/9780203484708|via=}}
4. ^1 {{Cite journal|last1=Provost|first1=M|last2=Troje|first2=N|last3=Quinsey|first3=V|year=2008|title=Short-term mating strategies and attraction to masculinity in point-light walkers|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|volume=29|issue=1|pages=65–69|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.007|issn=1090-5138}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Figueredo|first=Aurelio José|last2=Jacobs|first2=W. Jake|year=2000|title=Sexual strategic pluralism through a Brunswikian lens|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/sexual-strategic-pluralism-through-a-brunswikian-lens/887FC466C98A4F1D8257714DAA43EB2A|journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences|language=en|volume=23|issue=4|pages=603–604|doi=10.1017/S0140525X00413373|issn=1469-1825}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Norman P.|last2=Kenrick|first2=Douglas T.|date=2006|title=Sex similarities and differences in preferences for short-term mates: What, whether, and why.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=90|issue=3|pages=468–489|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.468|pmid=16594832|issn=1939-1315}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Norman P.|last2=Bailey|first2=J. Michael|last3=Kenrick|first3=Douglas T.|last4=Linsenmeier|first4=Joan A. W.|date=2002|title=The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences: Testing the tradeoffs.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=82|issue=6|pages=947–955|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.947|issn=1939-1315}}
8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Baize|first=Harold|last2=Schroeder|first2=Jonathan|date=1995|title=Personality and Mate Selection in Personal Ads: Evolutionary Preferences in a Public Mate Selection Process|url=|journal=Journal of Social Behavior & Personality|volume=10|pages=517–536|via=}}
9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Landolt|first=Monica A.|last2=Lalumière|first2=Martin L.|last3=Quinsey|first3=Vernon L.|date=January 1995|title=Sex differences in intra-sex variations in human mating tactics: An evolutionary approach|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/016230959400012V|journal=Ethology and Sociobiology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=3–23|doi=10.1016/0162-3095(94)00012-v|issn=0162-3095|via=}}
10. ^{{Cite book|title=Sex differences in social behavior : a social-role interpretation|last=Hendrickson.|first=Eagly, Alice|date=1987|publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates|isbn=978-0898598049|location=Hillsdale, N.J.|oclc=15084713}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Penton-Voak|first=I|last2=Cahill|first2=S|last3=Pound|first3=N|last4=Kempe|first4=V|last5=Schaeffler|first5=S|last6=Schaeffler|first6=F|date=Summer 2007|title=Male facial attractiveness, perceived personality, and child-directed speech|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513807000219|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|volume=28|issue=4|pages=253–259|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.03.002|issn=1090-5138|via=}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Archer|first=John|last2=Mehdikhani|first2=Mani|date=2003|title=Variability among males in sexually selected attributes.|journal=Review of General Psychology|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=219–236|doi=10.1037/1089-2680.7.3.219|issn=1089-2680}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Guida|first=Maurizio|last2=Tommaselli|first2=Giovanni A|last3=Palomba|first3=Stefano|last4=Pellicano|first4=Massimiliano|last5=Moccia|first5=Gianfranco|last6=Di Carlo|first6=Costantino|last7=Nappi|first7=Carmine|date=Winter 1999|title=Efficacy of methods for determining ovulation in a natural family planning program|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0015028299003659|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=72|issue=5|pages=900–904|doi=10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00365-9|issn=0015-0282|via=}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Perrett|first=D. I.|last2=Lee|first2=K. J.|last3=Penton-Voak|first3=I.|last4=Rowland|first4=D.|last5=Yoshikawa|first5=S.|last6=Burt|first6=D. M.|last7=Henzi|first7=S. P.|last8=Castles|first8=D. L.|last9=Akamatsu|first9=S.|date=August 1998|title=Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/29772|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=394|issue=6696|pages=884–887|doi=10.1038/29772|pmid=9732869|issn=0028-0836|via=}}
15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Penton-Voak|first=I.S.|last2=Jacobson|first2=A.|last3=Trivers|first3=R.|date=November 2004|title=Populational differences in attractiveness judgements of male and female faces|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513804000510|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|volume=25|issue=6|pages=355–370|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.06.002|issn=1090-5138|via=}}
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