| 词条 | Badr Organization |
| 释义 |
|logo = Badr Organisation Political Logo.jpg |logo_size = 200px |country = Iraq |name = Badr Organization |native_name = منظمة بدر |native_name_lang = ar |colorcode = black |leader = Hadi Al-Amiri |foundation = {{start date|1982–2003}} as a militia of the ISCI 2003–present as a political movement |founder = Ayatollah Sayyed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim |ideology = Shia Islamism[1] |religion = Shi'a Islam |website = http://www.almejlis.org/ {{ar icon}} |national = National Iraqi Alliance[2] (formaly) State of Law Coalition (2014–18)[3][4][5] Fatah Alliance (2018–present) |international = Axis of Resistance |seats1_title = Seats in the Council of Representatives of Iraq: |seats1 = {{Composition bar|22|329|hex=black}} |flag = }} The Badr Organization ({{lang-ar|منظمة بدر}} Munaẓẓama Badr), previously known as the Badr Brigades or Badr Corps, is an Iraqi political party headed by Hadi Al-Amiri. The Badr Brigade was the Iran-officered military wing of the Iran-based Shia Islamic party, Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), formed in 1982. Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq most of Badr's fighters have entered the new Iraqi army and police force. Politically, Badr Brigade and SCIRI were considered to be one party since 2003, but have now unofficially separated[6] with the Badr Organization now an official Iraqi political party. Badr Brigade forces, and their Iranian commanders, have come to prominence in 2014 fighting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Iraq.[7] It is a part of the Popular Mobilization Forces. HistorySCIRIThe organization was formed in Iran in 1982 as the military wing of the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq. It was based in Iran for two decades during the rule of Saddam Hussein and led by Iranian officers. It consisted of several thousand Iraqi exiles, refugees, and defectors who fought alongside Iranian troops in the Iran–Iraq War. The group was armed and directed by Iran. They briefly returned to Iraq in 1991 during the 1991 Iraqi uprising to fight against Saddam Hussein, focusing on the Shia holy cities of Najaf and Karbala.[8] They retreated back into Iran after the uprising was crushed. In 1995, during the Kurdish Civil War, Iran deployed 5,000 Badr fighters to Iraqi Kurdistan.[9] Post-invasion Iraq{{Infobox War Faction|name=Badr Organization |war=Iraqi Kurdish Civil War, Iraq War, Iraqi Civil War |image= |caption=Flag of the Badr Organisation Military Wing |active=1982–2003 (officially) 2014–present |leaders=Hadi Al-Amiri |clans=*Quwat al-Shahid Muhammed Baqir al-Sadr[10] |headquarters=Najaf, Iraq |area=Baghdad and Southern Iraq |allegiance= |strength=10,000–15,000[11] |partof={{flagicon image|Popular Mobilization Forces (Iraq) logo.jpg}} Popular Mobilization Forces |previous= |next= |allies=State allies
|bullets = yes |title = Non-state allies |{{flagicon image|Single Color Flag - FFFF00.svg}} Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada[12] |{{flag|Hezbollah}}[13] |{{flagicon image|Single Color Flag - 007500.svg}} Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda[14] |{{flagicon image|Shabak Flag.jpg}} Quwwat Sahl Ninawa[15] |{{flagdeco|IRQ}} Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham[16] |{{flagicon image|Kata'ib Hezbollah flag.svg}} Kata'ib Hezbollah[17] }} |opponents=
|battles=Iran–Iraq War 1991 uprisings in Iraq
Iraq War
|bullets = yes |title = Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) |Salahuddin campaign |Lifting of the Siege of Amirli |Liberation of Jurf Al Sakhar |Dhuluiya offensive |Battle of Baiji (2014–15) |Second Battle of Tikrit |Battle of Mosul (2016) |2015–2018 Iraqi protests }}Syrian Civil War
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{UAE}}[26] }} Returning to Iraq following the 2003 coalition invasion, the group changed its name from brigade to organization in response to the attempted voluntary disarming of Iraqi militias by the Coalition Provisional Authority. It is however widely believed the organization is still active as a militia within the security forces and it has been accused of running a secret prison[27] and sectarian killings during the Iraqi Civil War.[28] Because of their opposition to Saddam Hussein, the Badr Brigade was seen as a U.S. asset in the fight against Baathist partisans. After the fall of Baghdad, Badr forces reportedly joined the newly reconstituted army, police and Interior Ministry in significant numbers. The Interior Ministry was controlled by SCIRI and many Badr members became part of the Interior Ministry run Wolf Brigade. The Iraqi Interior Minister, Bayan Jabr, was a former leader of Badr Brigade militia. In 2006 the United Nations human rights chief in Iraq, John Pace, said that hundreds of Iraqis were being tortured to death or executed by the Interior Ministry under SCIRI's control.[28] According to a 2006 report by the Independent newspaper: 'Mr Pace said the Ministry of the Interior was "acting as a rogue element within the government". It is controlled by the main Shia party, the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Sciri); the Interior Minister, Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi, is a former leader of Sciri's Badr Brigade militia, which is one of the main groups accused of carrying out sectarian killings. Another is the Mehdi Army of the young cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, who is part of the Shia coalition seeking to form a government after winning the mid-December election. Many of the 110,000 policemen and police commandos under the ministry's control are suspected of being former members of the Badr Brigade. Not only counter-insurgency units such as the Wolf Brigade, the Scorpions and the Tigers, but the commandos and even the highway patrol police have been accused of acting as death squads. The paramilitary commandos, dressed in garish camouflage uniforms and driving around in pick-up trucks, are dreaded in Sunni neighbourhoods. People whom they have openly arrested have frequently been found dead several days later, with their bodies bearing obvious marks of torture.'[28] Military action against ISIL{{main|Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)}}Following ISIL's successful Anbar campaign and June 2014 offensive, the Badr Organization mobilized and won a series of battles against ISIL, including the Liberation of Jurf Al Sakhar and lift the Lifting of the Siege of Amirli.[11] In early February 2015 the group, operating from its base at Camp Ashraf, fought in Diyala Governorate against ISIL. Over 100 militia were killed in the fighting including 25 in Al Mansouryah. Badr's leader, Hadi Al-Amiri, said his militiamen were committed to the safety of Sunnis, but deep mutual suspicions remained in the light of recent sectarian killings and suspicion that some Sunni tribes were allied with IS.[29] StructureThe Badr Corps consists of infantry, armor, artillery, anti-aircraft, and commando units with an estimated strength of between 10,000 and 50,000 men (according to the Badr Organization). See also{{Portal|Shia Islam|Iraq|Syrian Civil War}}
References1. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/30/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-idUSKCN0JE03H20141130|title=Iraq's divisions will delay counter-offensive on Islamic State|publisher=Reuters|author=Dominic Evans|date=30 November 2014|accessdate=1 December 2014}} 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2014/09/article55336600|title=National Alliance deadlocked over candidates for Interior Ministry|work=Asharq Al-AwWsat|date=16 September 2014|accessdate=20 October 2014}} 3. ^http://www.alghadeer.tv/news/detail/14259/ 4. ^https://alghadeer.tv/news/detail/14274/ 5. ^https://www.alghadpress.com/news/اخبار-العراق-السياسية/131007/قيادي-في-بدر-نعمل-على-تشكيل-تحالف-جديد-بعد-انفصالن 6. ^"The Supreme Council Undergoes Broad Changes in the Ranks… Hakim: We Paid a High Price in Previous Elections," al-Rafidayn, Nov. 20, 2011 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2014/09/article55336936 |title=Hadi Al-Ameri: A Militia Leader Torn between Washington and Tehran |accessdate=26 March 2019 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213204222/http://www.aawsat.net/2014/09/article55336936 |archivedate=2014-12-13}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.merip.org/mer/mer176/why-uprisings-failed|title=Why the Uprisings Failed |publisher=Middle East Research and Information Project|accessdate=22 May 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/384/turkey-and-iran-face-off-in-kurdistan/|title=Turkey and Iran Face off in Kurdistan|date=March 1998|work=The Middle East Quarterly}} 10. ^https://jihadology.net/category/quwet-al-shahid-muhammed-baqir-al-sadr/ 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/11/06/breaking-badr/|title=Breaking Badr|date=6 November 2015|work=Foreign Policy}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://jihadology.net/2013/09/09/hizballah-cavalcade-kataib-sayyid-al-shuhada-emerges-updates-on-the-new-iraqi-shia-militia-supplying-fighters-to-syria/|title=Hizballah Cavalcade: Kata’ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Emerges: Updates on the New Iraqi Shia Militia Supplying Fighters to Syria|date=9 September 2013|publisher=}} 13. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/movementsandparties/2016/2/10/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121045417/http://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/movementsandparties/2016/2/10/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF |archive-date=2018-01-21 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PF138Appendices/PF138_Appendix_2.pdf |title=Data |website=www.washingtoninstitute.org |format=PDF |access-date=2016-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325074712/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PF138Appendices/PF138_Appendix_2.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-25 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rubincenter.org/2017/10/hashd-brigade-numbers-index/|title=Hashd Brigade Numbers Index|website=www.rubincenter.org}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-iran-is-building-its-syrian-hezbollah|title=How Iran Is Building Its Syrian Hezbollah|website=www.washingtoninstitute.org}} 17. ^http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/361 18. ^ {{dead link|date=August 2018}} 19. ^[https://www.alghadpress.com/news/ملفات-خاصة-من-الغد-برس-العراقية/46257/بدر-الجناح-العسكري]{{dead link|date=August 2018}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/iraqi-shia-fighters-in-syria|title=Iraqi Shia Fighters in Syria|first=Ali|last=Alfoneh|publisher=}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/10/kurdish-forces-and-iraqi-forces-militias-clash-in-northern-iraq.php|title=Kurdish and Iraqi forces, militias clash in northern Iraq - FDD's Long War Journal|date=26 October 2017|publisher=}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/hezbollah-and-iraqi-reinforcements-arrive-in-southern-aleppo-to-begin-the-march-to-idlib/|title=Hezbollah and Iraqi reinforcements arrive in southern Aleppo to begin the march to Idlib|date=25 December 2015|work=Al-Masdar News}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/02/the-irgcs-involvement-in-the-battle-for-aleppo.php|title=The IRGC's involvement in the battle for Aleppo |website=FDD's Long War Journal}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-hezbollah-liberate-al-amariyah-northern-palmyra/|title=Breaking: Syrian Army, Hezbollah liberate Al-Amariyah in northern Palmyra|date=26 March 2016|publisher=}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-southern-aleppo-way-syrian-army-attack-khan-touman/|title=Battle for southern Aleppo is under way as the Syrian Army attack Khan Touman|date=8 May 2016|publisher=}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wam.ae/ar/news/emirates-arab-international/1395272465559.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117230142/http://www.wam.ae/ar/news/emirates-arab-international/1395272465559.html|archivedate=2014-11-17|title=مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. - WAM|date=17 November 2014|publisher=}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/mideast-crisis-iraq-militias/|title=Torture by Iraqi militias: the report Washington did not want you to see|date=14 Dec 2015|publisher=Reuters}} 28. ^1 2 Andrew Buncombe & Patrick Cockburn, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraqs-death-squads-on-the-brink-of-civil-war-467784.html "Iraq's death squads: on the brink of civil war,"] The Independent (Feb. 26, 2006). Retrieved 7 February 2015. 29. ^{{cite news|author1=Kareem Fahim|title=Shiite Militia Drives Back Islamic State, but Divides Much of Iraq|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/world/shiite-militia-drives-back-islamic-state-but-divides-much-of-iraq.html|accessdate=February 8, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=February 7, 2015|quote=Daesh was like hell}} External links
18 : Badr Organization|Popular Mobilization Forces|Arab militant groups|Conservative parties in Iraq|Factions in the Iraq War|Military wings of political parties|Paramilitary forces of Iraq|Rebel groups in Iraq|Shia Islamic political parties|Anti-ISIL factions in Iraq|Anti-ISIL factions in Syria|Pro-government factions of the Syrian Civil War|Organizations designated as terrorist by the United Arab Emirates|Shia Islamist groups|Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia|Paramilitary organizations based in Iraq|Jihadist groups in Iraq|Axis of Resistance |
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