| 词条 | Styela montereyensis |
| 释义 |
| name = Styela montereyensis | image = Styela montereyensis in california tide pools.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Styela montereyensis in a California tide pool | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | subphylum = Tunicata | classis = Ascidiacea | ordo = Stolidobranchia | familia = Styelidae | genus = Styela | species = S. montereyensis | binomial = Styela montereyensis | binomial_authority = (Dall, 1872)[1] | synonyms =Clavelinopsis rubra Fewkes, 1889 Cynthia montereyensis Dall, 1872 Styela rubra (Fewkes, 1889) Tethyum montereyense (Dall, 1872) Tethyum montereyensis }} Styela montereyensis, also called the Stalked Tunicate, Monterey stalked tunicate, and the Long-stalked sea squirt[2] is a solitary[3] ascidian tunicate.[1] It has a cylindrical, yellow to dark reddish-brown body and a thin trunk that anchors it to rocks. It is found in subtidal areas of the western coast of North America from Vancouver Island to Baja, California. TaxonomyThe species was first described by American malacologist William Healey Dall in 1871 as Cynthia montereyensis, and later (1889) by Jesse Walter Fewkes as Clavelinopsis rubra. William E. Ritter placed it in Styela in 1893.[5] DescriptionStyela montereyensis is yellow to dark red brown in colour. It is a solitary species, growing, often in loose groups.[3] It normally grows to about {{convert|8|–|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in exposed sites. However, in the more rare, calm habitats, it can grow up to about {{convert|25|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. The body of Styela montereyensis is elongate and cylindrical, and is attached to a thinner stalk approximately the same length as the body. Its siphons are close together at the distal end, with its oral siphon pointing to the side or downward. The atrial siphon points straight upward. It has a leathery tunic displaying noticeable longitudinal grooves and ridges that extend down the entire length of the body.[3]This species is commonly fouled with foreign matter and small organisms such as algae and hydroids[3] when occurring in harbors, but remains clean in wave-swept habitats. The feeding mechanism of S. montereyensis uses the force generated from underwater current to push water through a feeding apparatus. The flexible stem allows the organism to have its position adjusted passively and the orientation of the siphons optimized by the current, and so foraging is a relatively low-energy activity.[9] Their maximum lifespan is not known with certainty, but one individual was known to have lived for three years and attained a length of {{convert|23|cm|in|abbr=on}}. DistributionThis species occurs from Vancouver Island and Hope Island south to Baja, California. HabitatStyela montereyensis lives in the low intertidal zone up to approximately {{convert|30|m|-1|abbr=on}} in depth. It is a fairly common species within its range, and can be found firmly attached to substrata, pilings, jetties, and on subtidal reefs[3] in waters ranging from calm to extremely rough.Specimens in the Pacific Northwest rarely occur in inland waters, but are normally found in the outer straits and open coast.[2] Populations on the west coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington harbour the crustacean copepod species Pygodelphys aquilonaris in their branchial sacs. References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=240756 |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Styela montereyensis (Dall, 1872) |publisher=Marinespecies.org |date= |accessdate=2011-08-20}} [4][5]2. ^1 {{cite web|author=Brian Catelli |url=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Chordata_(Urochordata)/Class_Ascidiacea/Stolidobranchia/Styela_montereyensis.html |title=Styela montereyensis |publisher=Wallawalla.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-08-20}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt2x0n9933;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=d0e7189&toc.id=d0e7050&brand=calisphere |title=Man-Made Reef Ecology |publisher=Content.cdlib.org |date= |accessdate=2011-08-20}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Ritter, Walter E. |title=Tunicata of the Pacific Coast of North America. I, Perophora annectens n. sp. |journal=Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences |year=1893 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=37–85}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Young, Craig M. |author2=Braithwaite, Lee F. |title=Orientation and current-induced flow in the stalked ascidian Steyla montereyensis |journal=The Biological Bulletin |year=1980 |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=428–440 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1487959 |doi=10.2307/1541105|jstor=1541105 }} }} External links
3 : Stolidobranchia|Animals described in 1872|Western North American coastal fauna |
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