“Sub-Counties of Kenya”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Under the former Constitution of Kenya, the Provinces of Kenya were subdivided into a number of districts (wilaya). In line with restructuring the national administration to fit with the devolved government system brought in by the 2010 Constitution, that came into full effect following elections in March 2013, the 8 provinces and their administrators and districts were replaced by County Commissioners at the county level, while former districts existing as of 2013 were re-organised as sub-counties, and had Deputy Commissioners appointed over them.^[4]^[5]

Historical expansion of district numbers

List of the 46 districts plus the capital of Kenya (since 1992, but prior to 2003)

Following a High Court ruling in September 2009, there were 46 legal districts in Kenya,^[6] excluding Nairobi which constituted a 47th district.

Following the Kenyan general election, 2013, these districts and Nairobi now constitute the 47 counties which will be the basis for rolling out devolution as set out in the 2010 Constitution of Kenya (district headquarters are in parenthesis):

All these 46 districts (plus Nairobi) have been replaced with 47 counties since March 2013, promoting them as the first level of administrative subdivisions of the country, and the 8 former provinces (which were the first level of subdivisions) have been dissolved.

New districts started to be created by President Moi, and there were up to 57 districts in 2003 when President Kibaki first came into office.

List of the 70 districts of Kenya (starting 2007)

In early January 2007, 37 new districts were created by the government from the 14 former districts, rising their number to 70.^[7]^[8]

More recent (defunct) districts (after 2007 up to March 2013)

Many more districts have been created since then, such that in July 2009 there were 254 districts (an up to 256 districts plus Nairobi on 20 September 2009, when the High Court outlawed 210 of them).^[9]

The creation of new districts has been criticised by opponents for being waste of money and a populist attempt to please local residents. The government, however, say new districts bring services closer to the people and will provide security.^[9]

The following list contains 208 districts, taken from a Kenyan government website in July 2009 (the list is incomplete, but their number stopped growing after the High Court decision in September 2009):^[10]

Sub-counties (since March 2013)

In August 2009, however, the High Court of Kenya declared all districts created after 1992 illegal. The judge stated that the districts were created "in complete disregard of the law". As a result, Kenya had only 46 legal districts (excluding Nairobi with its special constitutional status as the capital of the country).^[11] Following the March 2013 elections, these 46 districts – together with the City of Nairobi – constitute the 47 counties into which Kenya is now divided administratively, and they are also the 47 constituencies for the elections to the National Senate.

All the former districts have disappeared (as well as the former 8 provinces whose devolution was transferred to the new 47 counties), and are now considered only as "sub-counties", without autonomy; they are used in urban areas for a limited organisation for prividing public services locally. These remaining sub-counties are transitional and could be replaced by more efficient ccoperative structures grouping the local services in organised cities and their surrounding towns, either for dedicated missions or for temporary plans; so they may be deeply reorganised or disappear at any time. The remaining sub-counties already do not match with the subdivision of the new 47 counties into electoral-only "wards" (based on resident population, to determine the number of elected seats for each county in the National Senate.

See also

References

1. ^Decentralized Units, Section 48 (1) (b) County Governments Act 2012
2. ^Decentralized Units, Section 48 (2) County Government Act, 2012
3. ^Office of the sub-county administrator, section 50, County Government Act 2012
4. ^http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2012/05/kibaki-names-47-county-commissioners/ Kibaki names 47 County Commissioners
5. ^http://allafrica.com/stories/201307230067.html Kenyan County Commissioners Re-Organised Under New Structure
6. ^{{Cite news|author=Nyasato, Robert|date=5 September 42009|title=High Court outlaws 210 districts created by Moi and Kibaki since 1992|newspaper=The Standard|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/1144023253/high-court-outlaws-210-districts-created-by-moi-and-kibaki-since-1992 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701200608/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/1144023253/high-court-outlaws-210-districts-created-by-moi-and-kibaki-since-1992|archivedate=1 July 2014|deadurl=no}}
7. ^List of the new districts from the website of the Kenyan embassy in Germany (pdf){{dead link|date=October 2010}}
8. ^{{cite web |author=info(at)synergy.co.ke |url=http://www.propertykenya.com/news/450220-kibaki-gives-kenya-37-new-districts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724153554/http://www.propertykenya.com/news/450220-kibaki-gives-kenya-37-new-districts |dead-url=yes |archive-date=24 July 2009 |title=Newspaper report on the new districts (Kibaki Gives Kenya 37 New Districts – Jan 19, 2007) |publisher=Propertykenya.com |accessdate=18 October 2010 }}
9. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/623360/-/ukx8ve/-/index.html |title=All constituencies now turned into districts |work=Daily Nation |accessdate=18 October 2010}}
10. ^Office of Public Communications: List of Provinces, Districts & Contacts {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715042515/http://www.communication.go.ke/constituencies.asp# |date=15 July 2013 }}
11. ^The Standard, 27 September 2009: After Ringera, House to take on Kibaki over new districts