| 词条 | Subsistence Homesteads Division | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|agency_name = Subsistence Homesteads Division (DSH or SHD), Department of the Interior |type = |nativename = |nativename_a = |nativename_r = |logo = |logo_width = |logo_caption = |seal = |seal_width = |seal_caption = |picture = |picture_width = |picture_caption = |formed = {{Start date|1933|08|23}} |preceding1 = |preceding2 = |dissolved = May 15, 1935 |superseding = Transferred to Resettlement Administration |jurisdiction = |headquarters = |coordinates = |employees = |budget = |minister1_name = |minister1_pfo = |minister2_name = |minister2_pfo = |deputyminister1_name = |deputyminister1_pfo = |deputyminister2_name = |deputyminister2_pfo = |chief1_name = Dr. Milburn L. Wilson |chief1_position = Director |chief2_name = |chief2_position = |agency_type = |parent_department = |parent_agency = United States Department of the Interior |child1_agency = |child2_agency = |keydocument1 = |website = https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html |footnotes = |map = |map_width = |map_caption = }} The Subsistence Homesteads Division of the US Department of the Interior (DSH or SHD) was a New Deal agency that was intended to give safe residences to urban poor in small plots of land that would allow them to sustain themselves.[1] Unlike subsistence farming, subsistence homesteading is based on a family member or members having part-time, paid employment.[2] Definition and descriptionThe Subsistence Homesteads Division Director, Milburn L. Wilson, defined a "subsistence homestead" as follows: A subsistence homestead denotes a house and out buildings located upon a plot of land on which can be grown a large portion of foodstuffs required by the homestead family. It signifies production for home consumption and not for commercial sale. In that it provides for subsistence alone, it carries with it the corollary that cash income must be drawn from some outside source. The central motive of the subsistence homestead program, therefore, is to demonstrate the economic value of a livelihood which combines part-time wage work and part-time gardening or farming.[3] DSH projects "would be initiated at the state level and administered through a nonprofit corporation. Successful applicants would offer a combination of part-time employment opportunities, fertile soil for part-time farming, and locations connected to the services of established cities."[3] PhilosophyThe Subsistence Homesteading Program was based on an agrarian, "back-to-the-land" philosophy which meant a partial return to the simpler, farming life of the past. Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt both endorsed the idea that for poor people, rural life could be healthier than city life. Cooperation, community socialization, and community work were also emphasized.[5] However, going "back-to-the-land" did not always sit well with people stuck in outlying "stranded communities" without jobs.[4] According to Liz Straw of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the most controversial were those rural communities of long-unemployed miners or timber workers whom opponents of subsistence homesteading thought unlikely to thrive without better job opportunities.[5]HistoryCarl Cleveland Taylor, the 36th President of the American Sociological Society, served as a sociologist for the SHD.[6] Some of the subsistence homesteading communities included African Americans.[7] DSH Assistant Supervisor John P. Murchison wrote to W. E. B. Du Bois in April 1934 for advice on racial integration and how to incorporate African Americans into the program.[8] Eleanor Roosevelt took a personal interest in the project, and became involved in setting up the first community, Arthurdale, WV after a visit to the stranded miners of Scotts Run.[9] There was strong opposition to the idea of subsistence homesteads, as undercutting agricultural prices, unions, and the labor supply for manufacturing. Nonetheless, as of 2011, some communities, such as Arthurdale, West Virginia, in which Eleanor Roosevelt was personally involved, maintain an active memory of the program.[10] List of DSH subsistence homesteading communitiesCommunities planned and built:[11]
See also
References1. ^{{Cite web |title = RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION |accessdate = 2012-03-03 |url = http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE032.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524132055/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/R/RE032.html# |archive-date = 2013-05-24 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 2. ^{{Cite journal| volume = 23| issue = 1| pages = 11| last = Borsodi| first = Ralph| title = Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy| journal = Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation| accessdate = 2012-03-03| date = January 1934| url = http://newdeal.feri.org/survey/34011.htm}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite news| volume = Volume 24| issue = No. 1| last = Carriker| first = Robert C.| title = The Longview Homesteads| work = Columbia Magazine| accessdate = 2069-69-69| year = 2999| url = http://columbia.washingtonhistory.org/magazine/articles/2010/0110/0110-a3.aspx}} 4. ^{{Cite journal| volume = v. 23| issue = n 1| pages = 60–67| last = Couch| first = Jim F| title = The Back-to-the-Land Movement during the Great Depression| journal = Southern Social Studies Journal| accessdate = 2012-03-03| year = 1997| url = http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ557622&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ557622}} 5. ^1 {{Cite conference| last = Straw| first = Liz| title = (Cumberland Homesteads, A Resettlement Community Of The Depression)| booktitle = National Park Service, Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers| accessdate = 2012-03-03| date = 2008-09-30| url = http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/sero/appalachian/sec8.htm}} 6. ^{{Cite web |title=Carl C. Taylor, President 1946 |accessdate=2012-03-03 |url=http://www2.asanet.org/governance/taylor.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710034329/http://www2.asanet.org/governance/taylor.html |archivedate=2010-07-10 |df= }} 7. ^{{Cite web| title = What Hope For The Rural Negro?| accessdate = 2012-03-03| url = http://newdeal.feri.org/opp/opp34105.htm}} 8. ^{{Cite web |title=Linden, Texas :: Gateway to the Lakes & Piney Woods Region |accessdate=2012-02-01 |url=http://lindentexas.org/tourism/?id=47;c=11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224421/http://www.lindentexas.org/tourism/?id=47%3Bc%3D11 |archivedate=2013-12-02 |df= }} 9. ^{{Cite episode| publisher = PBS| title = Transcript: Eleanor Roosevelt| work = American Experience. WGBH| accessdate = 2012-03-03| url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/eleanor-transcript/}} 10. ^[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/filmmore/transcript/transcript1.html WGBH/American Experience. Eleanor enhanced transcript], 1999. 11. ^{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214424/http://newdeallegacy.org/table_communities.html |url=http://newdeallegacy.org/table_communities.html |deadurl=yes |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |title=Communities planned and initiated by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads |work=Complete List of New Deal Communities |publisher=National New Deal Preservation Association |df= }} 12. ^{{Cite web| title = First Lady Lesson Plan: Arthurdale: Example of a Planned Community| accessdate = 2012-03-03| url = http://www.firstladies.org/curriculum/curriculum.aspx?Curriculum=1609}} 13. ^{{Cite news| title = A return to Austin Acres| work = The Austin Daily Herald| location = Austin, MN| accessdate = 2012-03-03| date = 2011-05-14| url = http://www.austindailyherald.com/2011/05/14/a-return-to-austin-acres/}} 14. ^{{Cite web| title = Cumberland Homesteads, Tennessee's Largest Historic District, the Showplace of the New Deal| accessdate = 2012-03-03| url = http://cumberlandhomesteads.org/history.html}} 15. ^{{Cite journal |volume=78 |pages=75, |last=Dorn |first=Jacob H |title=Subsistence homesteading in Dayton, Ohio, 1933-1945 |journal=Ohio History |accessdate=2012-03-03 |url=http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=007875.html&StartPage=75&EndPage=93&volume=78¬es=notes%20146%2D149&newtitle=Volume%2078%20Page%2075 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 16. ^{{Cite web| first = Jeffrey| title = Dayton Subsistence Homesteads: A Suburban Experiment from the New Deal Era.| work = Urban Ohio| accessdate = 2012-03-03| date = 2009-09-14| url = http://www.urbanohio.com/forum2/index.php/topic,19964.0.html}} 17. ^{{Cite web| last = Gannon| first = Renee| title = Growing Up On Penderlea| accessdate = 2012-03-03| date = February 2007| url = http://www.carolinacountry.com/StoryPages/ourstories/penderlea/penderlea.html}}
| volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 11 | last = Borsodi | first = Ralph | title = Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy | journal = Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation | accessdate = 2012-03-03 | date = January 1934 | url = http://newdeal.feri.org/survey/34011.htm }}
| title = Records of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) | accessdate = 2012-03-03 | url = https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html }} Communities
| last = Gannon | first = Renee | title = Growing Up On Penderlea | accessdate = 2012-03-03 | date = February 2007 | url = http://www.carolinacountry.com/StoryPages/ourstories/penderlea/penderlea.html }} Further reading
| last = Carriker | first = Robert C | title = Introduction to book, Urban Farming in the West: A New Deal Experiment in Subsistence Homesteads | accessdate = 2012-03-03 | year = 2009 | url = http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/catalogs/dlg_show_excerpt.php?id=2231 }}, describes coverage of DSH in various books and journals
| volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 710–719 | last = Zeuch | first = Wm. E | title = The Subsistence Homestead Program from the Viewpoint of an Economist | journal = Journal of Farm Economics | date = November 1935 | publisher = Agricultural & Applied Economics Association | jstor = 1231488 }} Sources
History: Subsistence Homesteads Division organized in the Department of the Interior, August 23, 1933, under provisions of EO 6209, July 21, 1933, implementing the subsistence homesteads program of the National Recovery Act (48 Stat. 205), June 16, 1933. Transferred to Resettlement Administration by EO 7041, May 15, 1935. Textual Records: Correspondence with the general public ("Requests for General Information"), 1933-35. Correspondence concerning proposed subsistence homestead projects, 1933-35. Correspondence concerning a census of part-time farming, 1933-34. Records relating to wages of workers employed on subsistence homestead projects, 1934-35. Architectural and Engineering Plans (2,500 items): Paper tracings and blueprints of "subsistence homesteads" and "experimental villages" built by the Subsistence Homesteads Division (Interior), Division of Subsistence Homesteads (Resettlement Administration), and FSA, including plans of the Arthurdale Community and Reedsville, WV, projects, 1933-38.}} External links{{commons category|Subsistence Homesteads Division}} 14 : New Deal agencies|United States Department of the Interior agencies|Defunct agencies of the United States government|Former United States Federal assistance programs|Urban agriculture|Garden suburbs|Rural community development|Planned communities in the United States|Public housing in the United States|Intentional communities|1933 establishments in the United States|1935 disestablishments in the United States|Decentralization|New Deal subsistence homestead communities |
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