请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Sufi–Salafi relations
释义

  1. History

  2. Difference in beliefs and practices

  3. Relations by country

     China  Egypt  Georgia  India  Libya  Mali  Nigeria  Pakistan  Russia  Saudi Arabia  Somalia  Sudan  Tunisia  United States 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}{{Sunni Islam}}{{Sufism}}

The relationship between Salafism and Sufis – two movements of Islam with different interpretations of Islam – is historically diverse and reflects some of the changes and conflicts in the Muslim world today.[1]

Salafism is associated with literalist, strict and puritanical approaches to Islam. In the Western world it is often associated with the Salafist jihadism [2] Sufism is associated with the rectification of the soul (tasawuf) and is mainly focused in becoming a better Muslim and person to achieve a higher status in paradise.[3]

While there are Muslims who believe that Salafism and Sufism "overlap", the "standard" Salafi response to Sufism has been called "polemical".[4] According to various observers, Salafists have been "usually ... unrelentingly hostile to devotional Sufi practices",[4] arguing that Sufism is "irreconcilable with true Islam",[5] and one of the elements "corrupting" modern day Islam.[6] Relations between the two movements have been described as one with "battle lines drawn",[8] or a "rift" found in "practically every Muslim country",[7] and in "the Muslim diasporic communities of the West"[8] as well.

History

Much of the antagonism against Sufism by Salafists is attributed to the writings of the eighteenth century figure, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and those who followed him. Some argue that his original followers were more conciliatory towards what they viewed as Sufism, with the son of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab writing,

"We do not negate the way of the Sufis and the purification of the inner self from the vices of those sins connected to the heart and the limbs as long as the individual firmly adheres to the rules of Shari‘ah and the correct and observed way.[9]"

Following a tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s and the progressive takeover of Saudi Aramco oil company between 1974 and 1980, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia acquired large sums of revenue from oil exports. It began to spend tens of billions of dollars throughout the Islamic World to promote the movement of Islam favored in that country — known as Salafi Islam.[10][11][12] According to Pnina Werbner, Saudi funding of "the Wahhabi/Salafi critique" (along with the forces of modernization) put "Sufi tariqas" in "danger of disappearing altogether" in the 1970 and 80s. Though the tariqas have "revived themselves" since then, Werbner describes the twenty-first century as dawning "with battle lines drawn up between" the two groups "within the world of Sunni Islam."[13]

Islamopedia.org states that Salafi groups have been "accused of perpetrating the destruction and burning of a number of Sufi mosques and shrines" as of 2011, a "reflection of the resurgence of the long suppressed animosity" between the two groups.[16]

The Grand Mufti of Al Azhar Ali Gomaa, himself an adherent of Sufism, criticized this trend as unacceptable.[16]

Difference in beliefs and practices

There are a number of Sufi beliefs and practices that Salafi believe are "un-Islamic":

  • Definition of bid‘ah (innovation in religious matters) — traditional Sufi scholars argue for an inclusive, holistic definition[14] whereas Salafi scholars argue for an exclusive, literal definition that entails anything not specifically performed or confirmed by the Prophet.
  • Mawlid (celebration of the birth of the prophet Muhammad) — considered bid‘ah by Salafis.[19]
  • Urs (commemoration of the death anniversary of Sufi saints) — considered bid‘ah by Salafis.[19]
  • Nasheed (poetry in praise of the prophet Muhammad) — opposed by Salafis. However, Some Salafis consider poetry in praise of the prophet with no music to be permissible.
  • Dhikr ceremonies (remembrance of God) — opposed by Salafis.[15][16]
  • Tawassul (intercession) the act of supplicating to Allah through a prophet, pious person or Sufi saint, living or dead. According to Salafis, "relying on an intermediary between oneself and Allah when seeking intercession" is among the "ten actions that negate Islam". Some Salafis believe that a living pious man can be asked to pray to God as Tawassul.[23]
  • Wasilah (intercessionary powers of the prophet Muhammad) — Salafis hold Wasilah akin to shirk (polytheism). They argue that the prophet Muhammad was a mortal and being so is no longer alive and thus incapable of intercession on behalf of those who pray to him. Sufis hold that although not physically present in the world, the prophets, martyrs and saints are still alive. Some Salafis believe that Wasilah mentioned in Quran and hadith can be taken like Wasilah of good deeds or Wasilah of different attribute names of God[17][25]
  • Ziyarat (visiting the graves of prophets and Sufi saints) — The Sufi practice of visiting the graves of Saints is also objected to by Salafis. Salafis believe that a Muslim can take journey to only three holiest place of Islam that is Mecca, Medina, and Mosque of Jerusalem as mentioned in of the hadith of prophet.

Relations by country

China

{{See also|Dungan Revolt (1895–96)}}

Salafism/Wahabbism is opposed by some Hui Muslims in China, primarily by the Sufi Khafiya, some Hanafi Sunni Gedimu and a number of Jahriyya. The Yihewani (Ikhwan) Chinese sect founded by Ma Wanfu in China was originally inspired by the Wahhabi movement, but evolved away from their origins. When Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing, attempted to introduce Wahhabism as the Orthodox main form of Islam in China, Yihewani reacted with hostility, accusing Ma Debao and Ma Zhengqing of being traitors of foreign influence, alien to the native popular cultural practices of Islam in China, "Heterodox" (xie jiao), and "people who followed foreigner's teachings" (wai dao),[26] and Wahhabi teachings were deemed as heresy by the Yihewani leaders. Yihewani eventually became a secular Chinese nationalist organisation.[26]

Ma Debao established a Salafi / Wahhabi order, called the Sailaifengye menhuan in Lanzhou and Linxia, separate from other Muslim sects in China.[18] Salafis have a reputation for radicalism among the Hanafi Sunni Gedimu and Yihewani. Sunni Muslim Hui tend to avoid Salafis, even family members.[19] However Salafis in China are so low in number they are not included in classifications of Muslim sects in China.[20]

Before the Chinese Communist Revolution, the Kuomintang Sufi Muslim general Ma Bufang, backed the Yihewani (Ikhwan) Muslims and persecuted the Salafi / Wahhabi Muslims—forcing them into hiding, preventing them from moving or worshiping openly. The After the Communist revolution the Salafis were allowed to worship openly until a 1958 crackdown on all religious practices.[21]

Egypt

Sufism has been called the "default setting" of Muslim religious life in Egypt[22][23][24] where there are 74 Sufi orders (tarikas)[25] and an estimated 15 million practicing Sufis.[26] The number of salafis in Egypt has been estimated at 5-6 million.[27] Before the 2011 revolution Scholar Tarek Osman describes Salafis as the "most important or pervasive Islamic force in the country," with an influence "many times more than that of organized political Islam."[28]

A May 2010 ban by the Ministry of Awqaf (religious endowments) of centuries old Sufi dhikr gatherings (devoted to the remembrance of God, and including dancing and religious songs) has been described as "another victory for extreme Salafi thinking at the expense of Egypt's moderate Sufism". Clashes followed at Cairo's Al-Hussein Mosque and al-Sayyida Zeinab mosques between members of Sufi orders and security forces who forced them to evacuate the two shrines.

[25]

In early April 2011, a Sufi march from Al-Azhar Mosque to Al-Hussein Mosque was followed by a massive protest before Al-Hussein Mosque, "expressing outrage at the destruction" of Sufi shrines. The Islamic Research Centre of Egypt, led by Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Ahmed el-Tayeb, has also renounced the attacks on the shrines.[29]

According to the newspaper Al-masry Al-youm (Today’s Egyptian), in Egypt's second biggest city — Alexandria — the headquarters for 36 Sufi groups and home of half a million Sufis, "16 historic mosques" belonging to Sufi orders have been "marked for destruction by Salafis". Aggression against the Sufis in Egypt has included a raid on Alexandria’s most distinguished mosque, named for, and housing, the tomb of the 13th century Sufi Al-Mursi Abu’l Abbas.[30] According to Guardian journalist Irfan al-Alawi, "Salafis have alleged that Sufis are agents of the west as well as heretics. The extremists want to take control of Sufi mosques, after they destroy shrines within their precincts."[30] In the governorate of al-Qalyubiya, two Salafis were arrested at the end of March 2013 after "a group of their followers razed five local shrines."[30]

In November 2016, images were released purporting to show the execution of the 100-year-old Sheikh Sulaiman Abu Haraz, "considered one of the symbolic Sufi clerics and elders of the Sinai Peninsula".[44] The images were released by Ansar Bait al-Maqdis – ISIS-affiliated extremist group in Egypt which rebranded itself as "ISIS-Sinai" when it pledged allegiance to ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant). The group had kidnapped Sulaiman Abu Haraz earlier at gunpoint from in front of his house in Arish city.[31]

{{main|2017 Sinai attack}}

On 24 November 2017, a gun and bomb attack on the al-Rawda mosque (known as the birthplace of the founder of Sufism in the Sinai Peninsula) killed more than 305 people and injured more than 128, making it the deadliest terrorist attack in Egyptian history[46] and the second deadliest attack in 2017.[32] The mosque in Bir al-Abed in the northern Sinai was attacked by around forty gunmen during Friday prayers. As of late November, no group had claimed responsibility for the attack,[33] but it appeared to bear "all the hallmarks" of an attack by ISIS,[34]

and occurred in a district in the Sinai where Islamic State intends to "eradicate" Sufis, according to an insurgent commander interviewed in a January 2017 issue of the Islamic State magazine Rumiyah.[35]

Georgia

In the Pankisi Gorge, home to the Kists, a small Muslim ethnic group, the Sufi-Wahhabi split is generational. The older Kists keep Sufi traditions, but young people scorn the old practices and pray in "new, gleaming mosques". Pankisi is reportedly the "only place in Georgia where people keep Sufism alive." Wahhabism entered into "a dozen Pankisi villages in the 1990s, popularized by young people educated in Arab countries". (The "Wahhabis" do not use the term but agree they are practicing a form of Sunni Islam "similar to that which prevails in Saudi Arabia.") Because of close family ties, there has been no violence between the two groups, although Sufis protested loudly over the tearing down of a Sufi shrine to make way for a new Wahhabi mosque.[36]

India

For "nearly 700 years", the Sufi tradition of Islam has been "part of the cultural and spiritual life" of Kashmir. However, according to journalists Tariq Mir[52] and Asit Jolly, Wahhabism or Salafism is making "deep inroads" into Kashmir society.[37] Since 2000 or so, "Salafist preachers" have spread across Kashmir and that movement of Islam has grown rapidly, now making up 1.5 million of the nearly eight million Indian Kashmiris.[38] Some 700 well patronized mosques and 150 schools[39] have been built in Kashmir by the "religious and welfare organisation", Jamiat Ahle Hadith funded primarily by Saudi Arabian sources. According to state police and central intelligence officers,[37] this construction is part of $35-billion program reportedly devoted to the building of mosques and madrassas in South Asia.[37]

Kashmir's predominantly Sufi-Hanafi community is reportedly anxious over Jamiat Ahle Hadith's rapid proliferation, its increasing popularity among youth,[37] and "mysterious fires" in 2012 that left six Sufi places of worship either completely or partially burnt (although investigators have so far found no sign of arson).[40] Journalist Mir wonders how Sufism will fare against Wahhabism/Salafism inroads "in an age of globalization, free travel, and religious satellite channels".[41] Many Sufi Barelvis believe that the beneficiaries of Saudi largesse are not just the Ahl-e-Hadith (who come closest to Wahhabism) but also the variety of Sunni Islam espoused by seminaries like the Darul Uloom Deoband and Nadwatul Ulema.[42]

[43]

(The term "Wahabbi" in India can have contradictory definitions depending on the user of the term, according to author Yoginder Sikand. It is used by Barelvi and related Muslims to refer to Sunni critics of "practices associated with the shrines of the Sufis". These critics being principally Deobandi and Ahl-e Hadith Muslims. Deobandi used the term to refer to the more strict Ahl-e Hadith who oppose taqlid (‘imitation’) of one of the four Madhhab (major schools of Sunni jurisprudence), and any form of Sufism. The Ahl-e Hadith refer to themselves as "Salafi" not Wahabbi.[44])

Libya

Prior to the regime of Muammar Gaddafi, Libya was a monarchy, whose king was head of the Senussi Sufi order. The flag of that kingdom was used by the rebels who overthrew Gaddafi in 2011.[45]

Following the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi, several Sufi religious sites in Libya were deliberately destroyed or damaged.[46] While as of 31 August 2012 "no group has claimed responsibility" for the attacks on the sites, the Interior Minister Fawzi Abdel A’al was quoted describing the attackers as "groups that have a strict Islamic ideology where they believe that graves and shrines must be desecrated," an apparent reference to Salafists.[47] The BBC has also identified the destroyers as "Salafist Islamists".[67]

In September 2012, three people were killed in clashes between residents of Rajma (50 km south-east of Benghazi) and "Salafist Islamists" trying to destroy a Sufi shrine in Rajma, the Sidi al-Lafi mausoleum.[48] In August 2012 the United Nations cultural agency Unesco urged Libyan authorities to protect Sufi mosques and shrines from attacks by Islamic hardliners "who consider the traditional mystical school of Islam heretical". The attackers have "wrecked mosques in at least three cities and desecrated many graves of revered Sufi scholars".[49] However, the destruction and desecration did not cease with the Libyan Civil War. In April 2016, Salafists destroyed the shrine and graves of martyrs of the Italian occupation in the town of Misrata.[50]

Mali

In Mali, Sufis and Salafis are subject to a "deep religious divide" following the destruction of the Sufi shrines and tombs by Salafis in the north of that country, according to the Africa Report.[51]

{{further| Battle of Gao#Capture of Timbuktu}}

From April 2012 to January 2013 the Islamist Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (Jamāʿat at-tawḥīd wal-jihād fī gharb ʾafrīqqīyā) and Ansar Dine were in control of Gao, Timbuktu and Kidal in North Mali.[52] "About 30 militants armed with assault rifles and pickaxes" destroyed three mausoleums 30 June 2012, and three more the next day according to witnesses. The group said it planned to destroy all 16 of the main shrines in Timbuktu.[53] Ansar Dine, the group claiming control of the city, is blamed for the attacks.[54] Its leader Mullah Mohammed Omar, stated "Muslims should be proud of smashing idols. It has given praise to God that we have destroyed them."[55] Another leader, Abou Dardar, was quoted by Agence France-Presse as saying that "not a single mausoleum will remain in Timbuktu."[56]

The destruction was criticized not only by Sufis but by a number of Arab and Muslim authorities, political parties, and authors, and even at least one Salafi leader.[57] Nabil Na’im (a senior leader of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad), criticized the way the Salafis in Mali handled the "problem" of shrines.[58]

Nigeria

Nigeria is the home of the Izala Society, a Salafi organization established in 1978 "in reaction to the Sufi brotherhoods",[59] specifically the Qadiri and Tijan Sufi orders.[60]

According to Ramzi Amara,

Today the Izala is one of the largest Islamic societies not only in Northern Nigeria, but also in the South and even in the neighbouring countries (Chad, Niger, and Cameroon). It is very active in Da‘wa and especially in education. The Izala has many institutions all over the country and is influential at the local, state, and even federal levels.[61]

Pakistan

Sufism has been a "part of the fabric of life in the Pakistan region for centuries".[62] Salafi Islam is a more recent addition, having been introduced into Pakistan from "Arab-Afghans" (i.e. Arab and other Muslims from outside Afghanistan, who came to Pakistan to fight in Afghanistan) mujahedeen were fighting Soviet occupiers in the early 1980s. They found common agendas and support from Deobandi movement.[63] In Pakistan the dynamic between Sufi Muslims and fundamentalists has lately entered an especially intense phase with the proliferation of militant groups.[62]

There are hundreds of shrines to Sufi saints spread across the cities and countryside of Pakistan.[64] From March 2005 to 2010, 209 people were killed and 560 injured in 29 attacks on Sufi shrines.[65][66]

In 2010 bomb attacks escalated, detonating in the presence of thousands of worshipers, and in the nation’s largest cities, such as Karachi and Lahore. Five attacks that year killed 64 people.[67][68][69] In 2017 at least 70 people were killed and 250 wounded in one bombing—of the shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, in Sehwan, in southern Sindh during a devotional dance.[70]

At least some of the attacks are attributed to banned militant organizations of Salafi backgrounds.[71][72][73]

Salafist criticize dancing and drumming at shrine festivals, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions.[62][68]

Russia

While traditionally Christian, Russia has a number of Muslim-majority Republics or "federal subjects", such as Dagestan and Chechnya.

Dagestan

(In Dagestan "Wahhabi" is the term used by most Dagestanis, although practitioners prefer the term "pure" or "true" Muslims.[74])

While Islam arrived in Dagestan in the late Middle Ages as Sufi Islam "infused with local customs", Salafists began to have an impact by way of Afghanistan after the Soviet Union crumbled in the late 1980s[75] (although one Salafist scholar—Yaseen Rasulov—maintains that the ideas of salafist jurist Ibn Taimiyah were already popular in Dagestan in the 16th and 17th centuries and that Salafists have always led jihad against colonizing Russians).[76]

According to the Abu Dhabi National newspaper

Salafis dislike the Sufi alliance with the government. Sufis run the government-sanctioned Spiritual Board of Muslims, to which the official clergy belong. They also support a secular state. Salafis do not.[75]

According to the Economist magazine "The Islamisation of the conflict" between Caucasus Muslims (in Dagestan and Chechnya) and Russia after the 1994 and 1999 Chechnya Wars "opened up a fierce sectarian fight between Sufism" and Salafism.[77] By the late 2000s the Salafis in Dagestan "were winning support among young Muslims", while the Sufis were "tainted by association with a corrupt and dysfunctional state".[77]

Salafist are associated with the forest-based insurgency that has killed an average of three policeman a week in 2011, while police killed 100 people they identified as rebels, over a nine-month period in 2011.[75]

In October 2011, Sirazhutdin Khurikski, an influential Sufi sheikh in southern Dagestan, was killed.[104] In late August 2012, a revered Sufi scholar Sheikh Said Afandi and 5 others were among killed in Dagestan suicide bomb attack.

A seventy-five-year-old cleric in the Sufi Brotherhood, Afandi was a key Sufi leader in the North Caucasus and had publicly denounced Salafism.[78][79] Another Sufi Sheikh, Ilyas-haji Ilyasov was assassinated on 3 August 2013, just a year after Said Afandi.[80]

Despite historical tensions between the two groups, as of mid-2015 "they are uniting in the face of twin threats: IS recruitment and the Russian government’s lawlessness."[81]

Chechnya

The President (Aslan Maskhadov) of another Muslim-majority "federal subject" of Russia, Chechnya, took the side of Sufism against Salafism, saying, "We are Nakshband and Kadari and Sunnites, and there is no place for any other Islamic sect in Chechnya. ... We cannot tolerate a situation where the enemies of Islam trample under foot the century-old traditions of the Chechyn people, desecrate the name of our saints ..."[82] According to the BBC, however, his efforts "to ban the fundamentalist trend of Islam known as Wahhabism" were unsuccessful.[83]

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia for many years Sufi brotherhoods, (also known as "mystical" brotherhoods), were proscribed by the government, and a "monopoly on religious matters" was given to the official "scholarly Islam of ulemas", according to Gilles Kepel.[84] The official religion supported by the ulema in Saudi Arabia is often referred to as Wahhabism, but according to at least one source (Saudi author Abdul Aziz Qassim), its adherents prefer to call it the "Salafi movement of the Sheikh".[85][86]

However, the 9/11 attacks (where 15 of the 19 hijackers turned out to be Saudi), brought scrutiny to the official religion in Saudi. Amongst other things it has "put the brakes on the practice of takfir" of other interpretations of Islam by the Saudi religious establishment, according to one Sufi in Saudi Arabia quoted in a Washington Post article. As of 2006 Sufi gatherings are legal in the Kingdom.[87]

Somalia

Traditionally, Islam in Somalia has followed moderate Sufism (as well as Ash’ariyah theology and Shafi’i jurisprudence).[115] Salafi theology has arrived in Somalia in recent decades via the influence of students educated at Islamic universities in Saudi Arabia and migrant workers returning from Saudi.[115] Somali students of religion educated in Saudi Arabia, were often employed by the many Saudi institutions created to preach "the right theology" (i.e. Salafi theology) and received "massive economic and technical assistance" from their well-funded former hosts.[115]

Extreme versions of Salafism such as Al-Shabab and earlier Hizbul Islam have used force to impose their version of Islamism[88] (though those groups appear to be in conflict with most Salafi scholars[89]). Under areas of Al-Shabab rule in Somali, Sufi ceremonies were banned[90] and shrines [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyJYUr8MQGQ destroyed].[91] As the power of Al-Shabab has waned, however, Sufi ceremonies are said to have "re-emerged".[92]

Sudan

According to the Beirut-based Al-Akhbar news site, conflict has been "simmering" between the two largest "religious sects" in Sudan—Salafis and Sufis.[123]

Al Jazeera estimates that more than 60% of Sudanese are affiliated with Sufism, while 10% are tied to Salafi groups, though that number is growing.[93]

Salafis, particularly the largest and oldest Salafi group Ansar al-Sunnah al-Muhammadiyyah, oppose Sufi beliefs and practices they find to be "heresies and perversions" and have been active preaching publicly against (what they believe are) unIslamic activities. Arab Afghan Jihadist Salafists have also been active in Sudan since the 1990s, sometimes violently.[93]

In January 2012 a fight broke out between Sufis celebrating the Prophet Mohammad’s birthday and salafis.

Dozens of people were injured before the Sudanese police arrived at the scene to stop the fighting. Beyond the known differences between the two groups on the permissibility and religious legitimacy of the celebration, this specific clash took place in the context of rising tensions between the two groups [(Sufi and Salafi)], that arose after unknown persons dug up and burned the tomb of a Sufi on 2nd December 2011. The exhumed body was that of Sheikh Idris oud al-Arbab ... The Sufi sects had accused the Salafi groups of desecrating and burning the tomb; the Salafis had denied any involvement, but the relationship between the two groups became increasingly tense leading up to the assault on the mawlid on 31st January 2012.[93]

Following this disturbance and complaints by Sufis, the Khartoum government announced a ban on Ansar al-Sunnah clerics preaching in public areas. Several "Sufi domes and shrines" have also been destroyed in Sudan, something Ansar denies any involvement in.[94]

Tunisia

In an article on the rise of Salafism in Tunisia, the media site Al-Monitor reported that 39 Sufi shrines were destroyed or desecrated in Tunisia, from the 2011 revolution to January 2013. The shrines, called zawaya, are mausoleums built to house the remains of ancient holy men.[95]

According to journalists Peter Beaumont and Patrick Kingsley,

The Salafist component in Tunisia remains a small minority, but it has prompted rows and mistrust among secularists and moderate Islamists. The Salafists are spread between three broad groups: new small political movements that have formed in recent months; non-violent Salafis; and violent Salafists and jihadists who, though small in number, have had a major impact in terms of violent attacks, arson on historic shrines or mausoleums considered to be unorthodox, demonstrations against art events ... and isolated incidents of attacking premises that sell alcohol outside Tunis.[96]

United States

In the United States, Sufi leader Muhammad Hisham Kabbani is well known for his vocal criticism of Wahhabism.[97] Kabbani, who moved to the United States in 1990 as an emissary of his teacher, Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Al-Haqqani, the grand shaykh of the Naqshbandi order, has described Wahhabism as being "like an octopus" because 'Its tentacles are reaching everywhere.' According to Kabbani, when he arrived in the US from Lebanon in 1990 he was shocked to hear Wahhabi doctrines being preached at Friday sermons. 'I asked myself: Is Wahhabism active in America? So I started my research. Whichever mosque I went to, it was Wahhabi, Wahhabi, Wahhabi, Wahhabi.' In 1999, during a forum organised by the US Department of State, Kabbani charged that '80 per cent' of the mosques in the US were run by extremists.[98]

See also

  • Amman Message

References

1. ^Akbar Ahmed Journey Into America: The Challenge of Islam, 2010, page 261 "The relationship between Salafis and Sufis, in particular, is complicated and reflects some of the changes and current conflicts in the Muslim world."
2. ^Dr Abdul Haqq Baker, Extremists in Our Midst: Confronting Terror, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011
3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zrpmm4120OUC&pg=PA51&dq=introduction+to+shia++sufi+qutb&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PkUxUbHQJsa2yAGThoCwBA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false An Introduction the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy ...] By David S. Sorenson
4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=2hxmm2N6jOgC&pg=PA20&dq=sufism+salafi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xflBUZnnEaGSyQHIyYCIAQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=sufism%20salafi&f=false Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought: Texts and Contexts from Al-Banna to ... ] By Roxanne Leslie Euben, Muhammad Qasim Zaman
5. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC&pg=PA305&dq=sufism+salafi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xflBUZnnEaGSyQHIyYCIAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=sufism%20salafi&f=false Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God] By Richard Gauvain, p.305
6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA601&lpg=PA601&dq=encyclopedia+of+islam+salafi&source=bl&ots=eWonwHtUV8&sig=apST5S7ee_WHGF8WK1Nac5CGeiA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6PFBUeOCGc6tygHWy4DQAg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=encyclopedia%20of%20islam%20salafi&f=false Encyclopedia of Islam] By Juan Eduardo Campo, p.601 ("Salafists have ... promote[d] their message that Islam, as well as Muslim society, is in crisis, having been corrupted from within by backward-thinking Ulama, Sufism, a spurious innovations.")
7. ^as of 2007
8. ^{{cite book|last=Knysh|first=Alexander|title=Contextualising the Salafi-Sufi Conflict|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|year=2007|volume=43|issue=4|pages=503–30 at p.507|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCL5fElYbnYC&pg=PA305&dq=rift+salafi+sufi#v=onepage&q=rift%20salafi%20sufi&f=false|quote="The rift between the Salafis/Wahhabis and the Sufis is not unique to the Caucasus. It is found in practically every Muslim country today (as well as the Muslim diasporic communities of the West),"|isbn=9781136446931}}
9. ^{{cite web|last=al-Makki|first=Abd al-Hafiz|title=Shaykh Muhammad bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and Sufism|url=http://www.deoband.org/2011/01/tasawwuf/shariah-and-tariqah-tasawwuf/shaykh-muhammad-bin-%E2%80%98abd-al-wahhab-and-sufism/|publisher=Deoband.org|accessdate=29 March 2017|quote=I studied each volume page by page and never came across any place in which Shaykh Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhab criticizes, refutes or rejects Tasawwuf or any one of the Sufi shaykhs on account of his Tasawwuf.|date=January 2011}}
10. ^Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (31 March 2003)|2002|pp=69–75
11. ^How Saudi petrodollars fuel rise of Salafism| france24.com 30 September 2012
12. ^documentary The Qur'an aired in the UK, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/tv-radio-reviews/last-nights-tv-the-quran-channel-4-banged-up-five-867474.html The Qur'an review in The Independent]
13. ^1 {{cite book| authorlink=Pnina Werbner |last=Werbner|first=Pnina|title=Sufism in the West|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|editor=Jamal Malik, John Hinnells|chapter=Learning the lessons from the neorevivalist and Wahhabi movements|quote=Even back in 1971, [J. Spencer] Trimingham argued that the Sufi tariqas were in decline and danger of disappearing altogether under the dual threat of modernization and the Wahhabi/Salafi critique heavily supported by propaganda materials funded by the superior wealth of the Saudi regime. ... However, this has not materialized: during the decades of the 1980s and the 1990s, tariqas have revived themselves as they have begun to fight back against the Wahhabi/Salafi critique, and the twenty-first century dawn with battle lines drawn up between these two conflicting groups within the world of Sunni Islam.}}
14. ^{{cite book |last=Keller|first=Nuh Ha Mim|title=The Concept of Bid'a in the Islamic Shari'a|url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/bida.htm|year=1995|publisher=Muslim Academy Trust]|pages=1–2|isbn=978-1-902350-02-8}}
15. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/may/10/islam-sufi-salafi-egypt-religion Salafi intolerance threatens Sufis]
16. ^What Is the Difference Between Sunni, Shiite and Sufi Muslims?
17. ^1 {{cite web|title=Intercession - Tawassul|url=http://sunnah.org/ibadaat/tawassul.htm|publisher=sunnah.org|accessdate=23 March 2013}}
18. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang#v=onepage&q=wahhabism%20ma%20debao&f=false | title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects | author=Michael Dillon | year=1999 | publisher=Curzon Press | location=Richmond | page=104 | isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}
19. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b21aKLh6_KkC&pg=PA79&dq=gedimu+ikhwan#v=onepage&q=gedimu%20ikhwan&f=false | title=Between Mecca and Beijing: modernization and consumption among urban Chinese Muslims | author=Maris Boyd Gillette | year=2000 | publisher=Stanford University Press | location= | pages=79, 80 | isbn=978-0-8047-3694-7 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}
20. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imw_KFD5bsQC&pg=PA458&dq=gedimu+ikhwan#v=onepage&q=kubrawiyya%20percent%20gedimu%20hui%20ma%20tong&f=false | title=The Oxford history of Islam | author=John L. Esposito | year=1999 | publisher=Oxford University Press US | location= | page=462 | isbn=978-0195107999 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}
21. ^1 2 {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79&dq=ma+bufang+secret+war#v=onepage&q=ma%20bufang%20secret%20war&f=false | title=Guide to Islamist Movements | author=BARRY RUBIN | year=2000 | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | location= | page=79 | isbn=978-0-7656-1747-7 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}
22. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/sufis%E2%80%99-choice-egypt%E2%80%99s-political-wild-card|last=Deasy|first=Kristin|title=The Sufis' Choice: Egypt's Political Wild Card|journal=World Affairs|date=September–October 2012|accessdate=21 April 2013}}
23. ^"Sufism has become the 'default setting' for Muslim life in Egypt, in the words of a recent Carnegie Endowment report". source: The Sufis’ Choice: Egypt’s Political Wild Card|World Affairs, September/October 2012; Salafis and Sufis in Egypt
24. ^{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Jonathan|title=Salafis and Sufis in Egypt|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/salafis_sufis.pdf|work=December 2011|publisher=Carnegie Papers|accessdate=21 April 2013}}
25. ^1 [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/may/10/islam-sufi-salafi-egypt-religion Salafi intolerance threatens Sufis]| Baher Ibrahim| guardian.co.uk| 10 May 2010
26. ^{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Jess|title=The Battle for Egyptian Islam|url=http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/the-battle-for-egyptian-islam/34/|accessdate=26 April 2013|newspaper=Global Mail|date=7 February 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423024952/http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/the-battle-for-egyptian-islam/34/|archivedate=23 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}
27. ^What is Salafism and should we be worried?| First Post| by Venetia Rainey| LAST UPDATED APRIL 20, 2011
28. ^Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p.221
29. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/salafists/salafi-violence-against-sufis |title=Salafi Violence against Sufis |publisher= |date= |accessdate=24 February 2013}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=al-Alawi|first=Irfan|title=Egyptian extremism sees Salafis attacking Sufi mosques|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/apr/11/salafis-attack-sufi-mosques|accessdate=21 May 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 April 2011}}
31. ^1 {{cite news|title=ISIS’ Egypt branch executes 100-year-old cleric|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/11/19/ISIS-Egypt-branch-executes-100-year-old-Sufi-cleric.html|accessdate=25 November 2017|agency=Al Arabiya English|date=19 November 2016}}
32. ^Adam Taylor, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/24/how-parts-of-egypts-rugged-sinai-peninsula-have-become-a-terrorist-hot-spot/ How parts of Egypt's rugged Sinai peninsula have become a terrorist hot spot], Washington Post (24 November 2017): "It will also reaffirm that the Sinai Peninsula is one of the deadliest places for terrorist attacks in the world. The attack in Bir al-Abd is the second-deadliest terrorist attack of 2017 to date, second only to a suicide bombing last month in Mogadishu, Somalia, that left more than 358 dead."
33. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/24/africa/egypt-sinai-mosque-attack/index.html |title=Egypt: Military hunts for killers after mosque attack leaves at least 235 dead |first1=Ian |last1=Lee |first2=Laura |last2=Smith-Spark | first3=Hamdi |last3=Alkhshali|work=CNN|access-date=24 November 2017}}
34. ^{{cite news|last1=Dewan,|first1=Angela|title=Why the Sinai peninsula is so dangerous|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/24/africa/sinai-peninsula-explainer/index.html|accessdate=25 November 2017|agency=CNN|date=24 November 2017}}
35. ^1 {{cite news|last1=WALSH|first1=DECLAN|last2=YOUSSEF|first2=NOUR|title=Militants Kill 235 in Attack on Sufi Mosque in Egypt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/mosque-attack-egypt.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news|accessdate=24 November 2017|date=24 November 2017}}
36. ^{{cite news|last1=Chitanava and|first1=Eka|last2=Kochiashvili|first2=Marika|title=A Growing Gap in Pankisi Gorge|url=http://www.tol.org/client/article/21739-a-growing-gap-in-pankisi-gorge.html|accessdate=20 May 2015|agency=Transitions Online|date=25 August 2010}}
37. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Jolly|first=Asit|title=The Wahhabi Invasion|journal=India Today|date=23 December 2011|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/saudi-charities-pump-in-funds-through-hawala-channels-to-radicalise-kashmir-valley/1/165660.html|accessdate=7 May 2013}}
38. ^1 {{cite web|last=Mir|first=Tariq|title=Kashmir: The Rise of a Hard Faith|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/kashmir-india-pakistan-sufi-wahhabi-islam|publisher=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting|accessdate=11 March 2013|date=2011-12-13}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=Kashmir religious leaders deny sectarian tension|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jammu-and-kashmir/kashmir-religious-leaders-deny-sectarian-tension_772148.html|work=28 April 2012|publisher=zeenews.com|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=2012-04-28}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/kashmir-india-pakistan-sufi-wahhabi-islam |title=Kashmir: Sufi and Wahabbi Islam in Conflict |author=Rana, Amir |publisher=Pulitzer Center |date= 2011-12-13|accessdate=24 February 2013}}
41. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Mir|first=Tariq|title=Kashmir: From Sufi to Salafi|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/kashmir-sufi-resurgence-salafi-islam-belief-conflict-rising-salafism-muslim-islam|work=November 5, 2012|publisher=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=2012-11-05}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/do-not-see-politics-in-clash-of-sects/1/186493.html |title=Don't see politics in clash of sects: Aditya Menon |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=28 April 2012 |accessdate=24 February 2013}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/kashmir-india-pakistan-sufi-wahhabi-islam |title=Kashmir: Sufi and Wahabbi Islam in Conflict |publisher=Pulitzer Center |date= 2011-12-13|accessdate=24 February 2013}}
44. ^1 ‘Wahhabism’ in India|Yoginder Sikand |indianmuslims.in |2 November 2007
45. ^{{cite web|last=Schwartz|first=Stephen|title=The Sufi Foundation of Libya's Revolution|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-schwartz/sufis-in-the-libyan-revolution_b_933611.html|work=08/23/11|publisher=HuffPost|accessdate=23 May 2013|date=2011-08-23}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://libyasos.blogspot.in/2012/08/democracy-arrives-in-libya-sufi.html |title=Libya S.O.S.: Democracy Arrives in Libya: Sufi religious sites attacked and destroyed by Salafis |publisher=Libyasos |date=26 August 2012 |accessdate=24 February 2013}}
47. ^[https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/31/libya-stop-attacks-sufi-sites Libya: Stop Attacks on Sufi Sites] | hrw.org | 31 August 2012
48. ^1 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19522215 Libya clashes break out over Sufi shrine attack] | bbc.co.uk| 7 September 2012
49. ^UNESCO urges end to attacks on Libyan Sufi mosques, graves| Reuters| 29 August 2012
50. ^{{Cite news|title=Salafists destroy central Misratan tomb in broad daylight |date=3 April 2016 |newspaper=Libya Herald |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/03/salafists-destroy-central-misratan-tomb-in-broad-daylight/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404190607/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/04/03/salafists-destroy-central-misratan-tomb-in-broad-daylight/ |archivedate=4 April 2016 |deadurl=yes}}
51. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/news-analysis/sufism-and-salafism-malis-deep-religious-divide.html |title=Sufism and Salafism, Mali's deep religious divide |publisher=Theafricareport.com |date=21 December 2012 |accessdate=24 February 2013}}
52. ^{{cite news |title=Timbuktu mayor: Mali rebels torched library of historic manuscripts |author=Luke Harding |url=http://m.guardiannews.com/world/2013/jan/28/mali-timbuktu-library-ancient-manuscripts |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 January 2013 |accessdate=29 January 2013}}
53. ^{{cite news|last=REUTERS|title=Islamist Militants in Mali Continue to Destroy Shrines|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/02/world/africa/militants-in-mali-continue-to-destroy-shrines-of-sufi-saints.html?_r=0|accessdate=18 April 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=1 July 2012}}
54. ^{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Amir|title=Mali Islamists destroy tombs in Timbuktu|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/18/world/africa/mali-shrines|accessdate=18 April 2013|newspaper=CNN|date=19 October 2012}}
55. ^{{cite journal|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|title=Why Islamists are Wrecking Mali's Cultural Heritage|journal=TIME|date=2 July 2012|url=http://world.time.com/2012/07/02/timbuktus-destruction-why-islamists-are-wrecking-malis-cultural-heritage/|accessdate=18 April 2013}}
56. ^{{cite news|author= |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20833010 |title=Timbuktu mausoleums 'destroyed' |publisher=BBC|date=23 December 2012 |accessdate=26 December 2012}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://islamopediaonline.org/editorials-and-analysis/destroying-shrines-timbuktu-some-arab-responses |title=Destroying the Shrines of Timbuktu: Some Arab Responses |accessdate=24 February 2013}}
58. ^«الجهاد» تحذر «السلفيين»: الاعتداء على الأضرحة يعيد البلاد إلى أجواء العنف| Egypt Today| يوليو 01 2012
59. ^{{cite book|last=Paden|first=John N.|title=Faith and Politics in Nigeria|date=2008|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|page=28}}
60. ^{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Jonathan N. C.|title=SUFISM IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: FORCE FOR COUNTER-RADICALIZATION?|date=May 2010|publisher=Strategic Studies Institute|page=18|url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub989.pdf}}
61. ^{{cite web|last=Ben Amara|first=Ramzi|title=Sharia Debates in Africa|url=http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php|work=circa 2007|accessdate=22 May 2014}}
62. ^1 2 Pakistan's Sufis Preach Faith and Ecstasy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122031623/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Faith-and-Ecstasy.html#ixzz2MNHt3Lka |date=22 January 2009 }}| By Nicholas Schmidle| Smithsonian magazine| December 2008
63. ^Salafi Tendencies in Pakistan| iranreview.org| 10 June 2008
64. ^Policy Brief: That Colorless Life: Attacking Shrines and the 'other' Islam| jinnah-institute| By Erum Haider
65. ^according to data compiled by the Center for Islamic Research Collaboration and Learning (CIRCLe), a think-tank based in Rawalpindi
66. ^{{cite web|title=Pakistan since 9/11: a statistical report of a decade of the War on Terror|url=http://www.terrorismwatch.com.pk/Pakistan%20since%209%2011.pdf|website=terrorismwatch.com.pk|publisher=CIRCLe : Center for Innovative Research, Collaboration and Learning|accessdate=24 November 2014}}
67. ^{{cite news|title=Sufism Under attack in Pakistan|url=http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html|accessdate=21 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Produced by Charlotte Buchen|format=video}}
68. ^1 {{cite news|title=The Islam That Hard-Liners Hate|url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/the-islam-that-hard-liners-hate/|accessdate=21 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 January 2011|author=Huma Imtiaz|author2=Charlotte Buchen|format=blog}}
69. ^{{cite news|last1=MASOOD|first1=SALMAN|title=Bombing at Sufi Shrine in Pakistan Kills Dozens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/13/world/asia/pakistan-bombing-sufi-shrine.html?_r=0|accessdate=12 November 2016|agency=New York Times|date=12 November 2016}}
70. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/world/asia/pakistan-shrine-bombing.html|title=Pakistan Shrine Bombing Kills Scores in Worst Attack in Months|last=Masood|first=Salman|date=2017-02-16|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2017-02-16|issn=0362-4331}}
71. ^Sunni Ittehad Council: Sunni Barelvi activism against Deobandi-Wahhabi terrorism in Pakistan – by Aarish U. Khan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123005941/http://criticalppp.com/archives/239339 |date=23 January 2013 }}| criticalppp.com| Let Us Build Pakistan
72. ^John R. Schmidt states, "although most Deobandis are no more prone to violence than their Christian fundamentalist counterparts in the West, every jihadist group based in Pakistan save one is Deobandi, as are the Afghan Taliban." [https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Px5TdHx1YC&pg=PT55&dq=barelvi+deobandi+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DncmUdi0BMmCqgHamoGQBQ&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA The Unraveling: Pakistan in the Age of Jihad] | John R. Schmidt| 2011
73. ^{{Cite journal|title=Sects Within Sect: The Case of Deobandi–Barelvi Encounter in Pakistan |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=32 |pages=57–80 |date=1 January 1970 |doi=10.1080/09700160801886330 |last1=Behuria |first1=Ashok K. }}
74. ^{{cite book|last1=Ware|first1=Robert Bruce|title=Dagestan: Russian Hegemony and Islamic Resistance in the North Caucasus|date=2010|publisher=Routledge.|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5VPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=dagestan+saudi#v=onepage&q=dagestan%20saudi&f=false|accessdate=21 May 2015|isbn=9781317473459}}
75. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=In Russia's Dagestan, Salafi Muslims clash with government authorities|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/europe/in-russias-dagestan-salafi-muslims-clash-with-government-authorities|work=14 September 2011|publisher=The National|accessdate=7 May 2013}}
76. ^{{cite web|last=Smirnov|first=Andrei|title=Yaseen Rasulov: Dagestan's Rebel Scholar|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=3435|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|accessdate=7 May 2013}}
77. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Islamists in Russia|journal=The Economist|date=27 April 2013|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21576728-boston-bombs-have-put-new-focus-russias-islamist-republics-islamists-russia|accessdate=7 May 2013}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120830/175517955.html |title=Sheikh Murdered Over Religious Split Say Analysts | Russia | RIA Novosti |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=24 February 2013}}
79. ^sufi scholar 5 others killed dagestan suicide bomb attack arabnews.com| 2012.08.30
80. ^1 Murder of Leading Dagestani Cleric Signals Deepening Crisis in Sufi Hierarchy - by Mairbek Vatchagaev, Jamestown Foundation, 8 August 2013
81. ^{{cite news|title=Russia and Islamic State: Caucasian jihad|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21656731-islamic-state-recruiting-volunteers-caucasus-russia-may-be-letting-them-go-caucasian|accessdate=5 July 2015|work=The Economist|date=4 July 2015}}
82. ^{{cite book|last1=Gold|first1=Dore|title=Hatred's Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism|date=2003|publisher=Regnery Publishing|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jT1xbK2EGRcC&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=We+cannot+tolerate+a+situation+where+the+enemies+of+Islam+trample+under+foot+the+century-old#v=onepage&q=We%20cannot%20tolerate%20a%20situation%20where%20the%20enemies%20of%20Islam%20trample%20under%20foot%20the%20century-old&f=false|accessdate=20 May 2015|isbn=9781596988194}}
83. ^{{cite news|title=Obituary: Aslan Maskhadov|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/459302.stm|accessdate=20 May 2015|agency=BBC News|date=8 March 2005}}
84. ^{{cite book|last=Kepel|first=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|year=2003|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA61&dq=petro-Islam#v=onepage&q=petro-Islam&f=false |quote=While most Muslim governments in the 1960s were tolerant of popular Islam, the one state that proscribed the brotherhoods even more strictly than secular Turkey or Algeria (Where prohibition was eventually lifted) was Saudi Arabia. Here, the scholarly Islam of ulemas claimed a monopoly on religious matters and dictated the only acceptable discourse on the central values of society and political order. Mystics and secularist intellectuals were held in particular opprobrium.|isbn=9781845112578}}
85. ^There is no such thing as Wahabism, Saudi prince says| Wael Mahdi| The National| 18 March 2010]
86. ^Journalist Karen Elliott House refers to Salafism as "a more politically correct term for Wahhabis" (source: {{cite book|author=House, Karen Elliott|title=On Saudi Arabia : Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future| publisher=Knopf|year=2012|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIu0LSe8aVwC&pg=PA150&dq=%22on+saudi%22+karen+elliott+house+%22more+politically+correct+term%22#v=onepage&q=%22on%20saudi%22%20karen%20elliott%20house%20%22more%20politically%20correct%20term%22&f=false|isbn=978-0307473288}})
87. ^{{cite news|last=Ambah|first=Faiza Saleh|title=In Saudi Arabia, a Resurgence of Sufism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/01/AR2006050101380.html|accessdate=6 April 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 May 2006}}
88. ^1 2 3 The Roots of the Islamic Conflict in Somalia (2)| Aaran news| 28 September 2010| accessed 20 March 2013
89. ^{{cite web|last=Abukar|first=Hassan|title=Somalia's Salafi Groups and Fatwa Wars|url=http://somalicolumn.blogspot.com/2012/11/somalias-salafi-groups-and-fatwa-wars.html|work=November 21, 2012|publisher=Somali Observer|accessdate=27 March 2013|quote=In July of this year [2012], a group of 22 Somali Salafi scholars met in Nairobi, Kenya, and issued a fatwa (a religious edict) that condemned a young Somali cleric based in Kenya named Shaikh Hassaan Hussein Adam .... Many Salafis from the old school, consider him [Hassaan Hussein Adam] to be extremely dangerous because, ... Hassaan provides Al Shabab radicals with the religious justification they need for their militant war in Somalia.|date=2012-11-21}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://moderntokyotimes.com/2012/08/26/libya-and-mali-salafi-islamists-destroying-shrines-courtesy-of-saudi-arabia-and-qatar/ |title=Libya and Mali: Salafi Islamists destroying shrines courtesy of Saudi Arabia and Qatar |publisher=Modern Tokyo Times |date=26 August 2012 |accessdate=24 February 2013}}
91. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyJYUr8MQGQ Al Shabab of Somalia Destroy the Graves of Sufi Saints]
92. ^{{cite web|title=Sufism re-emerges in Somalia as al-Shabab's control wanes|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18467464|publisher=bbc|accessdate=2013-02-26}}
93. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Al Sharif|first=Jamal|title=Salafis in Sudan:Non-Interference or Confrontation|url=http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2012/07/20127395530326675.htm|work=03 July 2012|publisher=AlJazeera Center for Studies|accessdate=7 April 2013}}
94. ^1 Salafis vs Sufis: A Simmering Conflict in Sudan| May Ali| al-akhbar.com| 14 March 2012| accessed 27 March 2013
95. ^{{cite news|last=Benoit-Lavelle|first=Mischa|title=Tunisian Salafis on the Rise|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/amenas-hostages-ennahda-accused-tolerating-islamist-violence.html#ixzz2MAnEv8TU|accessdate=18 April 2013|newspaper=al-monitor|date=30 January 2013}}
96. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/09/violent-salafists-threaten-arab-spring-democracies Violent tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring]| Peter Beaumont and Patrick Kingsley| The Observer| 9 February 2013
97. ^{{cite web|title=A resounding voice in traditional Islam: Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani.|work=October 1–14, 2002|publisher=Institute for World Politics|url=http://www.iwp.edu/news_publications/detail/a-resounding-voice-in-traditional-islam-sheik-muhammad-hisham-kabbani|accessdate=20 March 2014}}
98. ^{{cite web|title=A Sufi Muslim Takes on Wahhabism|url=http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/media-center/isca-in-the-news/35-a-sufi-muslim-takes-on-wahhabism.html|work=December 12, 2004|publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America|accessdate=20 March 2014}}
{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19522215 Libya clashes break out over Sufi shrine attack]
  • Upsetting Sufis
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sufi-Salafi relations}}

2 : Salafi movement|Sufism
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 1:44:41