| 词条 | Sumaco |
| 释义 |
| name = Sumaco | photo = | photo_size = 240 | photo_caption = Sumaco Volcano | elevation_m = 3990 | elevation_ref =[1] | prominence_m = | prominence_ref= | location = Ecuador | map = Ecuador | region = | coordinates = {{coord|00|32|17|S|77|37|33|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref =[1] | type = Stratovolcano | last_eruption = 1895 ± 30 years }}Sumaco is a symmetrical, isolated stratovolcano, that is set off from the main Ecuador volcanic axis. Its rocks are very distinct from those from most Andean volcanoes because of its lack of andesitic composition, in favour of basanite and phonolitic rock. Sumaco is heavily forested and contains a small cone in its broad summit crater. An historical eruption occurred around 1895 (± 30 years).[1] EcologySumaco is isolated from the Cordillera Oriental by the lowland valley of the Cosanga and Quijos Rivers.[2] There are more than 6000 species of vascular plants, including more than 90 endemic species.[3] There are also a number of endemic animals, including toad Osornophryne sumacoensis only known from the eastern slopes of Sumaco,[4][5] and robber frog Pristimantis ernesti only known from the summit of Sumaco.[6][7] References1. ^1 2 {{cite gvp|vnum=1502-04=|name=Sumaco|accessdate=2012-01-09}} {{Andean volcanoes|state=collapsed}}{{Ecuador-geo-stub}}{{volcano-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal |author=Lee, T. E. |author2=Burneo, S. F. |author3=Marchán, M. R. |author4=Roussos, S. A. |author5=Vizcarra-Váscomez, R. S. |last-author-amp=yes |year=2008 |title=The mammals of the temperate forests of Volcán Sumaco, Ecuador |journal=Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University |volume=276 |pages=1–10 |url=http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/op276.pdf}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/parque-nacional-sumaco/ |title=Parque nacional Sumaco |publisher=Ministerio del Ambiente |accessdate=8 February 2015}} 4. ^{{Cite journal | author = Coloma, L.A. | author2 = Ron, S. | author3 = Cisneros-Heredia, D. | author4 = Almandáriz, A. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Osornophryne sumacoensis | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2004 | page = e.T54859A11203411 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2004 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/54859/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54859A11203411.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1186 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150203140843/http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1186 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 February 2015 |title=Osornophryne sumacoensis |author=Coloma, L. A. |author2=Páez-Moscoso, D. |author3=Frenkel, C. |author4=Félix-Novoa, C. |author5=Quiguango-Ubillús, A. |last-author-amp=yes |year=2014 |work=Ron, S. R., Guayasamin, J. M., Yanez-Muñoz, M. H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. y Nicolalde, D. A. 2014. AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 |publisher=Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ) |accessdate=8 February 2015 }} 6. ^{{Cite journal | author = Lynch, J. | author2 = Coloma, L.A. | author3 = Ron, S. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Pristimantis ernesti | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2004 | page = e.T56585A11488039 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2004 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/56585/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T56585A11488039.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1405 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150211084709/http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1405 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2015-02-11 |title=Pristimantis ernesti |author=Frenkel, C. |author2=Yánez-Muñoz, M. H. |author3=Guayasamín, J. M. |author4=Varela-Jaramillo, A. |author5=Ron, S. R. |date=2013 |edition=AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 |last-author-amp=yes |publisher=Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ) |accessdate=11 February 2015 }} 3 : Stratovolcanoes of Ecuador|Andean Volcanic Belt|Three-thousanders of the Andes |
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