“Sumi language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Sumi language

释义

Geographical distribution
Dialects
Phonology
Vowels Consonants
References
Bibliography

{{Infobox language
|name = Sema
|nativename = Sümi (Naga)
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[sɨ˧ mi˩]}}
|states = India
|region = Nagaland
|ethnicity = Sumi Naga
|speakers = 10,802
|date = 2011 census
|ref = ^[1]
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = Angami–Pochuri
|fam3 = Pochuri
|iso3 = nsm
|glotto=sumi1235
|glottorefname=Sumi Naga
}}

Sema, also Sumi or Simi, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nagaland, India. It is spoken by the Sumi Naga people.{{sfnp|Sreedhar|1976}}{{sfnp|Sreedhar|1980}}

Geographical distribution

Sumi is spoken in central and southern Nagaland, in Zunheboto district, Kohima district, Mokokchung district, and Tuensang district, as well as in 7 villages of Tinsukia district, Assam (Ethnologue).

Dialects

Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Sema.

Dayang (Western Sumi)
Lazemi
Zhimomi
Zumomi

Phonology

The transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Vowels

The vowels of Sema are as follows:{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=20}}

Front	Central	Back
Close	i̞\|i}}	ɨ̞\|ɨ}}	u}}
Mid	e}}	o}}
Open	ɐ\|a}}

Notes:

{{IPA|/i/}} has been variously described as:
- Near-close front unrounded {{IPAblink|i̞}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
- Close front unrounded {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=27}}
{{IPA|/ɨ/}} has been variously described as:
- Near-close central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɨ̞}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
- Close central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
In word-medial position, {{IPA|/ɨ/}} can be realized as mid central unrounded {{IPAblink|ə}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
{{IPA|/u/}} is close back rounded {{IPAblink|u}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
The mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} can be realized as either close-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|o}}]}} or open-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=369}}{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=27}}
- {{Harvcoltxt|Teo|2012}} describes the close-mid allophone of {{IPA|/o/}} as slightly advanced {{IPA|[o̟]}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
{{IPA|/a/}} has been variously described as:
- Near-open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɐ}};{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}
- Open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
After uvular stops, {{IPA|/a/}} can be realized as open back unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}

Consonants

The consonants of Sema are as follows{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=20}}{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=366}} (allophones that are represented in the orthographic system are given in parentheses):

			Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal
Nasal		plain	m}}	n}}	ŋ}}
Nasal		aspirated	mʱ}}	nʱ}}
Plosive		voiceless	p}}	t}}	k}}	q}}
		aspirated	pʰ}}	tʰ}}	kʰ}}	qʰ}}
		voiced	b}}	d}}	ɡ}}
Affricate		voiceless	ts}})	tʃ}})
Affricate		aspirated	tsʰ}})	tʃʰ}}
Fricative		voiceless	f}}	s}})	ʃ}}	x}}	h}}
Fricative		voiced	v}}	z}})	ʒ}}	ɣ}}
Approximant	central	{{small\|plain	w}})	ɹ}}	j}}
	{{small\|lateral	{{small\|plain	l}}
	{{small\|lateral	aspirated	lʱ}}

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}

Bibliography

{{citation

|last=Sreedhar
|first=Mangadan Veetil
|year=1976
|title=Sema phonetic reader
|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages
|location=Mysore
}}

{{citation

|last=Sreedhar
|first=Mangadan Veetil
|year=1980
|title=A Sema Grammar
|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages
|location=Mysore
}}

{{citation

|last=Teo
|first=Amos B.
|year=2012
|title=Sumi (Sema)
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=42
|issue=03
|pages=365–373
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000254
}}

{{citation

|last=Teo
|first=Amos B.
|year=2014
|title=A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland
|publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics
|isbn=978-1-922185-10-5
|location=Canberra
|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/12015}}{{refend}}{{Naga languages}}{{Languages of Northeast India}}{{st-lang-stub}}{{india-culture-stub}}

3 : Languages of Nagaland|Languages of India|Angami–Pochuri languages

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