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词条 Sutter's Mill meteorite
释义

  1. History

  2. Comparisons

  3. Examples

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Infobox meteorite
|Name = Sutter's Mill meteorite
|Alternative names =
|Image = Sutter's Mill Meteorite.jpg
|Image_caption = Fragments of the Sutter's Mill meteorite obtained from Henningsen Lotus Park, Lotus, California.[1]
|Type = Chondrite
|Class = Carbonaceous chondrite
|Group = CM2
|Structural_classification =
|Composition =
|Shock =
|Weathering =
|Country = United States
|Region = California
|Lat_Long = {{coord|37.6|N|120.5|W|display=inline,title}} (airburst)[2]
38°48’14"N, 120°54’29"W
|Observed_fall = Yes
|Fall_date = 22 April 2012
|Found_date = 24 April 2012
|TKW = 952.7 grams[4]
|Strewn_field = Yes
|Image2 = 8.5 gram Sutter's Mill Meteorite.jpg
|Image2_caption = SM33 (8.5 g) fragment with a small part of the fusion crust missing[5]
}}

The Sutter's Mill meteorite is a carbonaceous chondrite which entered the Earth's atmosphere and broke up at about 07:51 Pacific time on April 22, 2012, with fragments landing in the United States.[6][7] The name comes from the Sutter's Mill, a California Gold Rush site, near which some pieces were recovered.[9] Meteor astronomer Peter Jenniskens assigned SM numbers to each meteorite, with the documented find location preserving information about where a given meteorite was located in the impacting meteoroid. As of May 2014, 79 fragments had been publicly documented with a find location. The largest (SM53) weighs {{convert|205|g}},[4][11] and the second largest (SM50) weighs {{convert|42|g}}.[11]

The meteorite was found to contain some of the oldest material in the solar system.[1][2][3] Two 10-micron diamond grains (xenoliths) were found in the meteorite recovered before the rain fell.[16] In primitive meteorites like Sutter's Mill, some grains survived from what existed in the cloud of gas, dust and ice that formed the solar system.

History

During the 2012 Lyrids meteor shower, a bolide and sonic boom rattled buildings in California and Nevada in daylight conditions in the early morning at 07:51 PDT on 22 April 2012.[17] The bolide air burst was caused by a random meteoroid, not a member of the Lyrids shower.[18] The bolide was so bright that witnesses were seeing spots afterward.[19] The falling meteorites were detected by weather radar over an area centered on the Sutter's Mill site in Coloma, between Auburn, California, and Placerville, California.[7]

Robert Ward found a small CM chondrite fragment in the Henningsen Lotus Park just west of Coloma, CA on 24 April 2012.[21] Later that day, Peter Jenniskens found a crushed 4 g meteorite in the parking lot of that same park and Brien Cook found a 5 g meteorite off Petersen Road in Lotus. These were the only meteorites found before rain hit the area on 25 April.

On 1 May 2012, the James W. Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park's Ranger Suzie Matin discovered two pieces of the meteorite (SM14 @ 11.5 grams) in her front yard. The park contains what is now known as Sutter's Mill (site).[22] On 3 May 2012 scientists with the Ames Research Center and the SETI Institute utilized an airship to search the strewn field for the impact scars of kg-sized meteorites, but it is now understood that the high entry speed prevented the survival of meteorites as large as found in the Murchison meteorite fall.[23] Ground-based searches resulted in the additional recovery of two pristinely collected meteorites (SM12 and SM67) for scientific study.

Comparisons

This is the third witnessed meteorite fall in California, following Red Canyon Lake on 11 August 2007 and San Juan Capistrano on 15 March 1973, while a few months after this event the Novato meteorite fell on 17 October 2012.[24]

A consortium of over 50 scientists investigated the circumstances of the impact and the properties of the meteorites.[11] The event was recorded by two infrasound monitoring stations of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization’s International Monitoring System.[26] The preliminary analysis are indicative of energy yield of approximately four kilotons of TNT equivalent.[26] Hiroshima's "Little Boy" had a yield of about 16 kt. The air burst had approximate coordinates of {{Coord|37.6|-120.5}}.[2]

Based on the infrasound signal and the brightness of the fireball in photographs and two video records, the incoming meteoroid was estimated to have been {{convert|2|-|4|m|ft||order=flip}} in diameter, between the size of a dish washer[29] and a mini van.[30] Before entry in Earth's atmosphere, the meteoroid probably had an absolute magnitude (H) of roughly 31.[31] The meteoroid entered at a record speed of {{cvt|28.6|±|0.7|km/s|mph|order=flip}}, the fastest fireball on record from which meteorites were later recovered.[11] It broke apart at an altitude of {{cvt|48|km|ft|order=flip}}, the highest breakup event on record resulting in meteorites on the ground.

Before entry, the meteoroid moved on an eccentric orbit, stretching from just inside the orbit of Jupiter to the orbit of Mercury. The orbit had a shallow inclination and an orbital period suggesting that this meteoroid originated in the 3:1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter. The CM chondrite Maribo moved on a similar orbit, but rotated by 120 degrees in the direction of the line of apsides. The asteroid family that is the source region of CM chondrite-type meteorites is now thought to be located close to the 3:1 mean motion resonance, in low-inclined orbits, and may be the Eulalia asteroid family.[11]

The meteorite type is similar to that of the 1969 Murchison meteorite in Australia. Unlike Muchison, Sutter's Mill shows clear brecciation: fragments of CM lithologies with different aqueous alteration and thermal processing histories are embedded in a fine grained CM matrix material. The Sutter's Mill meteorite originated from near the surface of its parent body. As a whole, Sutter's Mill is harder than Murchison.[11]

The pre-rain collected meteorite SM2 was found to contain the mineral oldhamite (CaS), a mineral that reacts readily with water vapor. This xenolithic material may have come from enstatite chondrites impacting on the surface of the CM chondrite parent body in the past.[11]

The Sutter's Mill meteorite is used to test sample collection and analysis procedures for NASA's OSIRIS-REx sample return mission.[11]

Examples

See also

  • Glossary of meteoritics

References

1. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/347199/description/California_meteorite_a_scientific_gold_mine | title=California meteorite a scientific gold mine| date=2014-04-14}}
2. ^{{Cite journal | url=http://www.nature.com/news/us-meteorite-was-fastest-on-record-1.12095 | doi=10.1038/nature.2012.12095| title=US meteorite was fastest on record| journal=Nature| year=2012| last1=Summers| first1=Becky}}
3. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/one-of-the-fastest-rarest-meteorites-recovered-in-californias-gold-county-2012-12 | title=Meteorite Found in California Contains Some of the Oldest Material in the Solar System}}
4. ^1 {{cite web| date = 2012-04-28| title = APOD: 2012 April 28 - Sutter's Mill Meteorite| work = APOD| publisher = NASA & MTU| url = http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120428.html| accessdate = 2012-04-28}}
5. ^1 {{cite web |title = Sutter Mill Meteorite Hunt |publisher = Mr-Meteorite |author = Ruben Garcia |url = http://www.mrmeteorite.com/suttermillmeteorite.htm |accessdate = 2012-05-09 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120511060815/http://www.mrmeteorite.com/suttermillmeteorite.htm |archivedate = 2012-05-11 |df = }}
6. ^1 {{cite news | url=http://news.discovery.com/space/meteor-the-size-of-a-minivan-exploded-over-california-120423.html | title=Minivan-sized Asteroid Exploded Over California | work=Discovery News | author=Ian O'Neill | date=2012-04-23 | accessdate=2012-04-28}}
7. ^1 {{cite web |date=May 25, 2009 |title=California Meteorite Falls |publisher=SETI Institute |author=Peter Jenniskens |author-link=Peter Jenniskens |url=http://cams.seti.org/california.html |accessdate=2012-04-30}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |title=The Impact and Recovery of the Sutter's Mill Meteorite |publisher=SETI Institute |author=Peter Jenniskens |author-link=Peter Jenniskens |url=http://asima.seti.org/sm/ |accessdate=2012-07-07}}
9. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Sutter's Mill California Meteorite Fall - Tally of Known Finds |date=June 27, 2012 |author=Mike Gilmer |url=http://www.galactic-stone.com/pages/lotus |accessdate=2012-07-07}}
10. ^1 {{cite web |date=May 3, 2012 |title=Scientists aboard airship to search for meteorites strewn over California gold country |publisher=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/scientists-aboard-blimp-to-search-for-meteorites-strewn-over-california-gold-country/2012/05/03/gIQAcFCQzT_story.html |accessdate=2012-05-04}}
11. ^1 {{cite web |title=Sutter's Mill Meteor |publisher=Gold Discovery Park Association |url=http://www.marshallgold.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222:sutters-mill-meteor |accessdate=2012-05-04}}
12. ^1 {{cite web |title=Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter |publisher=Minor Planet Center |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/Sizes.html |accessdate=2012-05-30}}
13. ^1 {{cite web |date=Apr 22, 2012 |title=Meteor shower likely cause of big boom heard throughout region |publisher=Reno Gazette-Journal |author=Guy Clifton |url=http://www.rgj.com/article/20120422/NEWS/120422002/Breaking-Speculation-meteor-shower-caused-big-boom-heard-throught-region |accessdate=2012-04-22}}
14. ^1 {{cite web |date=Apr 22, 2012 |title=Loud boom and bright fireball over California and Nevada on April 22 |publisher=EarthSky |author=Deborah Byrd |url=http://earthsky.org/space/loud-boom-and-bright-fireball-over-california-and-nevada-on-april-22 |accessdate=2012-04-22}}
15. ^1 {{cite web |date=Apr 23, 2012 |title=Local resident's photo of Sunday's meteor goes international |publisher=Reno Gazette-Journal |author=Guy Clifton |url=http://www.rgj.com/article/20120423/NEWS/304230031/1459/news |accessdate=2012-04-23}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite web |date=Apr 23, 2012 |title=Scientist says sound signal from exploding meteor lasted 18 minutes |publisher=Reno Gazette-Journal |author=Guy Clifton |url=http://www.rgj.com/article/20120423/NEWS/304230032/Scientist-says-sound-signal-from-exploding-meteor-lasted-18-minutes |accessdate=2012-04-23}}
17. ^1 {{cite web |date=Apr 22, 2012 |title=Explosion Heard in NV, CA Traced To Meteor |publisher=KTVN 2 (Reno) |url=http://www.ktvn.com/story/17652544/update-large-boom-heard-around-region-sunday |accessdate=2012-04-23}}
18. ^1 {{cite web |date=April 24, 2012 |title=Fireball Over California/Nevada: How Big Was It? |publisher=NASA/JPL |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2012-114 |accessdate=2012-04-24}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite web |date = Apr 23, 2012 |title = (meteorobs) Fwd: large bolide over California/Nevada |author = Bill Cooke of NASA Meteoroid Environments Office |url = http://lists.meteorobs.org/pipermail/meteorobs/2012-April/014900.html |accessdate = 2012-04-23 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120504012020/http://lists.meteorobs.org/pipermail/meteorobs/2012-April/014900.html |archivedate = May 4, 2012 |df = }}
20. ^1 2 {{cite web |date=23 April 2012 |title=Coloma, CA 22 Apr 2012 1452 UTC |publisher=Radar Obs of Meteor Events |author=Marc Fries (mfries01) |url=http://radarmeteorites.wordpress.com/2012/04/23/coloma-ca-22-apr-2012-1452-utc/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132032/http://radarmeteorites.wordpress.com/2012/04/23/coloma-ca-22-apr-2012-1452-utc/ | archive-date =June 17, 2012 |accessdate=2012-04-25}}
21. ^1 {{cite web |date=Apr 25, 2012 |title=Re: {MPML} Fireball Over California/Nevada: How Big Was It? |publisher=Yahoo group: Minor Planet Mailing List (mpml) |author=Franck Marchis |author-link=Franck Marchis |url=http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/mpml/message/26924 |accessdate=2012-04-25}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |date=April 25, 2012 |title=Fragments of the daylight meteor found in California |publisher=Cosmic Diary |author=Franck Marchis |author-link=Franck Marchis |url=http://cosmicdiary.org/fmarchis/2012/04/25/daylight_meteor_incalifornia/ |accessdate=2012-04-26}}
23. ^1 {{cite web |title=NASA Scientists Find Diamonds and Other Treasures in Gold Rush Meteorite |date=November 7, 2014 |publisher=NASA's Ames Research Center |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/nasa-scientists-find-diamonds-and-other-treasures-in-gold-rush-meteorite/ |accessdate=2014-11-10}}
[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
}}

External links

{{Commons category|Sutter's Mill meteorite}}
  • California Meteor Broke Speed Record for Atmospheric Entry (Scientific American December 20, 2012)
  • [https://plus.google.com/u/0/events/cehbi736jeaa3jlojht76ec73rc Sutter's Mill Meteorite: a Californian Treasure Discovered by SETI/NASA Researchers] (Google Hangout chat 20 December 2012)
  • {{cite journal

|last=Jenniskens |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Jenniskens
|title=Radar-Enabled Recovery of the Sutter's Mill Meteorite, a Carbonaceous Chondrite Regolith Breccia
|journal=Science
|volume=338 |issue=6114 |pages=1583–1587 |date=2012
|doi=10.1126/science.1227163 |pmid=23258889|bibcode=2012Sci...338.1583J}}
  • Analysis of Sutter's Mill fragments reveals organic compounds not seen in other meteorites (Phys.org : 10 Sept 2013)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120511060815/http://www.mrmeteorite.com/suttermillmeteorite.htm Sutter Mill Meteorite Hunt] (Mr-Meteorite Ruben Garcia purchased 8.5 gram Sutter Mill Meteorite with broken fusion crust)
  • Patient hunters find more meteorites from California fall (AstroBob April 29, 2012)
  • [https://archive.is/20130122175525/http://www.emeraldislemeteorites.com/images/44gramwardfind.jpg Robert Wards 44 gram find]
  • Steve Arnold (meteorhntr) photos of 0.38g SM slice
  • Greg Hupé SM19 (oriented 9.9g)
  • [https://www.flickr.com/photos/meteorite_scientist/ Sutter's Mill photos at ASU] (SM6, SM8, SM38, SM41, SM49) (meteorite-list)
  • Video of the daylight California fireball (Phil Plait 31 May 2012)
  • CAMS News blog (CAMS is an automated video surveillance of the night sky in search of meteors to validate minor showers in the IAU Working List of Meteor Showers)
  • Strewn field maps:
    • [https://archive.is/20121203223342/radarmeteorites.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/coloma-ca-strewn-field-map/ Coloma, CA Strewn Field Map] (Marc Fries)
    • Sutter Mill strewn field{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} (Jim Wooddell)
    • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120511155629/http://www.sacbee.com/2012/05/04/4464802/interactive-map-see-where-meteorites.html Interactive map: See where meteorites fell] (SacBee: Last Modified: Monday, May. 7, 2012)
  • Sutter Mill Meteorite Find Tally (An updated tally of Sutter Mill meteorites found - Mike Gilmer)
  • Official Sutter Mill Meteorite Hunt Page - NASA/SETI (Dr. Jenniskens' Official Sutter Mill Find Data Page)
{{Modern impact events}}{{Meteorites}}{{Meteorites by name}}{{2012 in space}}

6 : Meteorites found in the United States|Modern Earth impact events|2012 in space|2012 in California|Geology of California|April 2012 events
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