| 词条 | Swiss Code of Obligations |
| 释义 |
| document_name = Swiss Code of Obligations | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | orig_lang_code = | title_orig = {{lang-de|Obligationenrecht}}; {{lang-fr|Code des obligations}}; {{lang-it|Diritto delle obbligazioni}}; {{lang-rm|Dretg d'obligaziuns}} | date_created = | date_presented = | date_ratified = 30 March 1911 | date_effective = 1 January 1912 (current version as of 1 July 2016) | date_repeal = | location_of_document = {{URL|https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19110009/index.html|SR220}} | commissioned = | writer = Walther Munzinger, Heinrich Fick | signers = | media_type = | subject = | purpose = Regulates contract law and corporations }} The Swiss Code of Obligations ({{lang-de|Obligationenrecht}}; {{lang-fr|Code des obligations}}; {{lang-it|Diritto delle obbligazioni}}; {{lang-rm|Dretg d'obligaziuns}}) is a portion of the Swiss Civil Code that regulates contract law and corporations (Aktiengesellschaft). It was first adopted in 1911 (effective since 1 January 1912).[1][2] Swiss law is often used to regulate international contracts, as it is deemed neutral with respect to the parties.[3] It is no. 220 in the Swiss Official Compilation of Federal Legislation.[4] HistoryIn Switzerland, private law was originally left to the individual Swiss cantons, which enacted codifications such as the Zurich Law of Obligations of 1855.[4] In 1864, the Bernese jurist Walther Munzinger was assigned a task to draft a unified code of obligations. This early project came to nothing, as it was not yet considered to fall under federal jurisdiction.[5] Four years later, the Federal Council agreed to the unification of the law of obligations, and Munzinger was put in charge of thee effort.[5] After Munzinger's death in 1873, the project fell to Heinrich Fick.[5] The earliest version of the Code of Obligations was adopted in 1881, and came into force on 1 January 1883.[6] Munzinger, the main drafter of the 1881 Code, was influenced by the Dresdner Draft and the work of Johann Caspar Bluntschli.[7] The current Code of Obligations was adopted on 30 March 1911,[6] becoming the fifth book of the Swiss Civil Code.[8] Changes enacted in 1911 are relatively minor, mostly reflecting the influence of the German Civil Code.[6] The Code of Obligations was drafted in a strikingly understandable style, without many instances of abstract legal terminology, so that it could be readily understood by the common population.[9] Company law was subsequently revised in 1938, and the law regulating contracts of employment in 1972.[8] The Code was revised in 2011, so that in the future requirements for book-keeping and accounting will not depend on a company's legal form, but on its financial size.[10] ContentsThe Code of Obligations includes five divisions.[11] The Code of Obligations is part of the Civil Code, but its provisions are numbered individually.[4] General Provisions (arts. 1-183)Includes general contract law, tort law, unjust enrichment.[4]
Types of Contractual Relationship (184-551)Includes specific contracts,[4] including the purchase contract (184-236),[12] employment contract (363-379),[12] mandate contract (394-406).[12]
Commercial Enterprises and the Cooperative (552-926)Corporate law.[4] Types of business associations:[11]
The Commercial Register, Business Names and Commercial Accounting (927-964)
Negotiable Securities (965-1186)Commercial papers.[4]
Principles and influencesThe contract law of the Code of Obligations is based on Roman Law traditions, and it was particularly influenced by the Pandectist school. It was also heavily influenced by the Code Napoleon of 1804.[6] Swiss contract law discriminates between general and special contract rules. The general rules are based on legal theory developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, while special rules are based on Roman law traditions.[6] It is divided into a general part, which applies to all contracts, and a special part, which applies to specific types of contracts, such as sales of goods or loans.[2] The Code is governed by the principle of the freedom to contract,[6] which includes freedom as to the content and type of the contract, and the freedom of the parties to enter into agreements which are not governed by the special part of the Code.[11] One major difference compared to contract law in Common Law jurisdictions is the lack of a requirement of consideration. The concept of frustration of purpose is also not part of the Swiss legal tradition.[6] The first version of the Swiss Code of Obligations influenced parts of the German Civil Code, the Chinese Code of Taiwan (Book II), the Code of South Korea (Part III) and the Code of Thailand (Book II).[6] The Turkish Civil Code, adopted in 1926, is based on the Swiss Civil Code, which also includes the Code of Obligations.[6] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/22.html#22 |title=SR 22 Zivilgesetzbuch |type=official website |date=10 September 1916 |language=de, fr, it |location=Berne, Switzerland |accessdate=2016-09-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917211747/https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/22.html#22 |archivedate=17 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html |title=SR 220 Federal Act on the Amendment of the Swiss Civil Code (Part Five: The Code of Obligations) of 30 March 1911 (Status as of 1 July 2016) |publisher=Swiss Federal Council |type=official website |date=10 September 1916 |location=Berne, Switzerland |accessdate=2016-09-17 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918033026/https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html |archivedate=18 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Schneider|first1=Michael E.|last2=Mathias|first2=Scherer|title=Switzerland|url=http://www.lalive.ch/data/publications/mes_msc_analysis_of_construction.pdf|publisher=FIDIC: An Analysis of International Construction Contracts|accessdate=7 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324144832/http://www.lalive.ch/data/publications/mes_msc_analysis_of_construction.pdf|archivedate=24 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last1=Schwenzer|first1=Ingeborg|last2=Hachem|first2=Pascal|last3=Kee|first3=Christopher|title=Global Sales and Contract Law|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191631054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1IC24j1IjoC&pg=PA19|page=19|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407013757/https://books.google.com/books?id=S1IC24j1IjoC&pg=PA19|archivedate=7 April 2018|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Padoa-Schioppa|first1=Antonio|title=A History of Law in Europe: From the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781316851760|page=557|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRkuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA557|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407013757/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRkuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA557|archivedate=7 April 2018|df=dmy-all}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|last1=Bucher|first1=Eugen|title=General remarks on the Swiss law of obligations|url=http://www.eugenbucher.ch/pdf_files/86.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712180250/http://www.eugenbucher.ch/pdf_files/86.pdf|archivedate=12 July 2017|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Smits|first1=J. M.|title=Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Second Edition|date=2012|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781781006108|page=852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_otpAA1EIoC&pg=PA852|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407013757/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_otpAA1EIoC&pg=PA852|archivedate=7 April 2018|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=von Overbeck|first1=Alfred E.|title=Some Observations on the Role of the Judge Under the Swiss Civil Code|journal=Louisiana Law Review|date=1977|volume=37|issue=3|accessdate=7 April 2018|url=https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4302&context=lalrev|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910113129/http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4302&context=lalrev|archivedate=10 September 2015|df=dmy-all}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Celebrating 100 Years Swiss Code of Obligations – a brief history of a remarkable codification |url=http://www.unifr.ch/webnews/content/4/attach/4769.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=University of Fribourg |location=Fribourg, Switzerland |accessdate=7 September 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212403/http://www.unifr.ch/webnews/content/4/attach/4769.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 10. ^{{cite web|title=All changes to the Swiss Code of Obligations at a glance|url=http://www.pwc.ch/user_content/editor/files/publ_ass/pwc_changes_swiss_code_of_obligations_1112_e.pdf|publisher=PwC|accessdate=7 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033052/http://www.pwc.ch/user_content/editor/files/publ_ass/pwc_changes_swiss_code_of_obligations_1112_e.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 {{cite web|last1=Huber‐Purtschert|first1=Tina|title=Introduction to Swiss Law - Law of Obligations|url=https://www.rwi.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:b23b877e-97ed-4c37-a4cd-8b8d2157b8ee/2017.09.28_Introduction%20to%20swiss%20law.pdf|website=University of Zurich|accessdate=7 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407013758/https://www.rwi.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:b23b877e-97ed-4c37-a4cd-8b8d2157b8ee/2017.09.28_Introduction%20to%20swiss%20law.pdf|archivedate=7 April 2018|df=dmy-all}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Kurer|first1=Martin|title=Warranties and Disclaimers:Limitations of Liability in Consumer-Related Transactions|date=2002|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=9789041198563|page=527|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8t6ISUe4xMC&pg=PA527|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407013757/https://books.google.com/books?id=F8t6ISUe4xMC&pg=PA527|archivedate=7 April 2018|df=dmy-all}} External links
3 : Swiss law|Civil codes|Law of obligations |
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