| 词条 | The Twelve Apostles (Victoria) |
| 释义 |
| name = The Twelve Apostles | image_name = The Twelve Apostles 2011.jpg | image_caption = | map = Australia Victoria Corangamite Shire | map_alt = | map_width = | map_caption = Location within Shire of Corangamite and, inset, Victoria | map_relief = | label = | label_position = left | location = Near Port Campbell, Victoria | coordinates = {{coord|38|39|57|S|143|06|16|E|region:AU}} | country = Australia | country_admin_divisions_title = State | country_admin_divisions = Victoria | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = LGA | country_admin_divisions_1 = Shire of Corangamite }} The Twelve Apostles is a collection of limestone stacks off the shore of the Port Campbell National Park, by the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia. Their proximity to one another has made the site a popular tourist attraction. Seven of the original eight Apostles remain standing, after one collapsed in July 2005.[1] Though the view from the promontory by the Twelve Apostles never included twelve stacks, additional stacks are located further west along the coast within the national park. The original name continues to be promoted in the Australian tourism industry. Formation and historyThe Twelve Apostles were formed by erosion. The harsh and extreme weather conditions from the Southern Ocean gradually erode the soft limestone to form caves in the cliffs, which then become arches that eventually collapse, leaving rock stacks up to {{cvt|50|m}} high. The stacks are susceptible to further erosion from waves. In July 2005, a {{convert|50|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} stack collapsed, leaving seven standing.[1] Due to wave action eroding the cliffs, existing headlands are expected to become new limestone stacks in the future.[2] The stacks were originally known as the Pinnacles, and the Sow and Pigs (Muttonbird Island, near Loch Ard Gorge, was the Sow, and the smaller rock stacks were the Piglets), as well as the Twelve Apostles.[3] The formation's name was eventually made official as the Twelve Apostles, despite only ever having had eight stacks.[1] In 2002, the Port Campbell Professional Fishermens Association attempted to block the creation of the Twelve Apostles Marine National Park at the Twelve Apostles site.[4] The association approved of a later decision by the Victorian government to prohibit seismic exploration at the site by Benaris Energy,[5] believing such exploration would harm marine life.[6] {{multiple image| align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 400 | image1 = Apostles 3 GOR.JPG | width1 = 1600 | height1 = 1200 | caption1 = 2003 before the collapse | image2 = The twelve apostles Victoria Australia 2010.jpg | width2 = 3872 | height2 = 2592 | alt2 = A pair of images showing the difference before and after the 2005 collapse | caption2 = 2010 after the collapse }} See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://parkweb.vic.gov.au/explore/parks/port-campbell-national-park/things-to-do/twelve-apostles |title=Twelve Apostles |access-date=10 March 2019 |website=parkweb.vic.gov.au |publisher=Parks Victoria Information Centre}} 2. ^Porter, Geoff (2006). Little Bites of Australia. Pegasus Elliot Mackenzie Pu. p. 203. 3. ^{{cite news |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/21475285|title=A picturesque resort|page=36|date=1 January 1898|author=Biunv|newspaper=The Leader|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108072630/http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/21475285|archivedate=8 November 2016|deadurl=no|access-date=8 November 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200204/s531471.htm |title=Port Campbell bid to block marine national park |access-date=17 June 2010 |date=15 April 2002 |website=abc.net.au |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518062604/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200204/s531471.htm |archivedate=18 May 2015 |deadurl=yes}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200310/s969092.htm|title=Fishermen welcome decision against national park seismic exploration |access-date=17 June 2010 |date=17 October 2003 |website=abc.net.au |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629004823/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200310/s969092.htm |archivedate=29 June 2011 |deadurl=yes}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200310/s971651.htm |title=Otway Basin seismic survey work set to start |access-date=17 June 2010 |date=21 October 2003 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |website=abc.net.au |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629004907/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200310/s971651.htm |archivedate=29 June 2011 |deadurl=yes}} External links{{Commons category|Twelve apostles (geography)|The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)}}
7 : Stacks of Australia|Landforms of Victoria (Australia)|Landmarks in Australia|Rock formations of Australia|Tourist attractions in Victoria (Australia)|Cliffs of Australia|Great Ocean Road |
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