词条 | Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
In the Roman Catholic Church, the Synod of Bishops is an advisory body for the Pope. It is described in the Code of Canon Law (CIC) as "a group of bishops who have been chosen from different regions of the world and meet together at fixed times to foster closer unity between the Roman Pontiff and bishops, to assist the Roman Pontiff with their counsel in the preservation and growth of faith and morals and in the observance and strengthening of ecclesiastical discipline, and to consider questions pertaining to the activity of the Church in the world."{{Sfn | CIC | 1983 | loc = Canon 342]}} The Synod of Bishops is permanent, even when not in session.{{Sfn | Paul VI | 1965 | loc = I}}[1] Periodically, it holds assemblies, which are either general, if called to consider matters directly concerning the universal Church, or special, if called for problems of a particular geographical area.{{Sfn | CIC | 1983 | loc = Canon 345}} The general assemblies are either ordinary (held at fixed intervals) or extraordinary (held to treat of some urgent matter).{{Sfn | CIC | 1983 | loc = Canon 346}} The Synod of Bishops also has a permanent secretariat{{Sfn | CIC | 1983 | loc = Canon 348}} headquartered in Rome but is not part of the Roman Curia.{{sfn| Okoye | 2011 |p=17}} Pope Francis greatly increased both the authority and influence of the Synod in September 2018.[2] Establishment and natureIn 1959, Cardinal Silvio Oddi proposed a permanent consultative body of priests drawn from many parts of the world to discuss major concerns of the Church. The same year Cardinal Bernardus Johannes Alfrink proposed a permanent council of specialized bishops to legislate for the Church in union with the Pope and the cardinals.[3] In 1963, during the third session of the Second Vatican Council, Patriarch Maximos IV proposed that the church should be governed by the Pope and the bishops as successors of Peter and the apostles respectively, not by the Pope and the "Roman clergy", that is, the College of Cardinals. Maximos proposed that the Council establish a rotating body of bishops in continuous residence in Rome to assist the Pope.[3] On 15 September 1965, as the Council was drawing to a close, Pope Paul VI established the Synod of Bishops,[4] noting that "the Ecumenical Council ... gave Us the idea of permanently establishing a special Council of bishops, with the aim of providing for a continuance after the Council of the great abundance of benefits that We have been so happy to see flow to the Christian people during the time of the Council as a result of Our close collaboration with the bishops."{{Sfn | Paul VI | 1965 | loc = Introduction}} The Pope sought "to make ever greater use of the bishops' assistance in providing for the good of the universal Church" and to enjoy "the consolation of their presence, the help of their wisdom and experience, the support of their counsel, and the voice of their authority."{{Sfn | Paul VI | 1965 | loc = Introduction}} This preempted action by the Council and made the Synod "immediately and directly" subject to papal authority, ensuring that it would be strictly an advisory body.[5] The Synod of the Bishops does not constitute collegial governance of the Church, but represents a collaboration with the Pope: it discusses topics proposed to it and makes recommendations, but does not settle questions or issue decrees, unless the Pope grants it deliberative power in certain cases.{{Sfn | CIC | 1983 | loc = Canon 343}} From the beginning of his papacy, Pope Francis expressed his desire to strengthen the collegial aspects of the Church's governance,[6] and he argued for more recognition of charismatic gifts in the Church.[7] On September 15, 2018, Pope Francis approved a new apostolic constitution titled Episcopalis communio (Episcopal Communion).[2][8] The constitution, which was made public on September 18, states that the Synod's final document, if approved by the members with "moral unanimity" and expressly approved by the Pope, becomes part of the Ordinary Magisterium of Catholic teaching. [9][8] Secretariat and CouncilThe Synod of the Bishops has its own permanent general secretariat, composed of the General Secretary and a fifteen-member council, twelve of whom are elected by each general assembly and three are appointed by the Pope. The secretariat assists in preparing the apostolic exhortation which the Pope publishes on the basis of the recommendations of each general assembly, and it prepares the next assembly. Their function ceases with the start of a new general assembly. A similar function is performed by specific special councils elected by the special assemblies.{{Sfn | CIC | 1983 | loc = Canon 348 §1}}[3]{{sfn|Okoye|2011|p= 17}} Secretaries-General of the Synod of Bishops
Powers of the PopeIt is for the Pope to
In addition, the Pope may appoint further participants in any assembly of the Synod of Bishops, in number up to 15% of those who participate either ex officio (the heads of Eastern Catholic Churches and the cardinals at the helm of departments of the Roman Curia) or because elected by episcopal conferences or the Union of Superiors General.{{Sfn | Paul VI | 1965 | loc = X}} AssembliesThe procedures followed at assemblies of the Synod of the Bishops are indicated in the Order of the Synod of Bishops, originally issued in 1969, the latest revision of which was published on 29 September 2006.[10] Ordinary general assembliesIn preparation for each ordinary general assembly, episcopal conferences are asked to suggest up to three themes for discussion. After the secretariat has studied those proposals, the Pope, generally on the basis of the secretariat's recommendation, establishes the topic and agenda of the assembly. Criteria for the choice of the topic are: 1) that it be of universal, not merely regional, interest; 2) that it be pastoral in character with a firm doctrinal base; 3) that it be contemporary and urgent enough to stir up "new energies and movements in the church towards growth"; 4) that it can be addressed within the allotted time.[11][12] Most participants in the assembly, called Synodal fathers, are elected by the bishops' conferences: one in the case of a conference with no more than 25 members, two if a conference has up to 50 members, three from a conference with up to 100 members, and four from a larger conference.{{Sfn | Paul VI | 1965 | loc = VIII}} Other representative participants include heads of Eastern Catholic Churches, ten members of religious institutes elected by the Union of Superiors General, and the cardinals who head the Roman Congregations and some other departments of the Roman Curia.{{Sfn | Paul VI | 1965 | loc = V}} Dozens more participate by virtue of synodal functions assigned by the Holy See or as papal appointees, mostly cardinals and other curiate or diocesan prelates. Fraternal delegates from several Orthodox and Protestant churches (7 each in 2015) have observer status.[13]The secretariat, which includes various other clerical and lay experts, prepares a preliminary outline document (Lineamenta) which is distributed to all concerned for comment. Based on this feedback, a working document (instrumentum laboris) is prepared and distributed to all churches. This document is the basis for discussions at the synod. The assembly examines proposals (propositiones) put forward by its members and passes to the Pope those that receive the assembly's approval. The Pope uses these as the basis for a papal post-synodal apostolic exhortation.{{sfn | Okoye | 2011 | pp = 19–21}} The first general assemblies attempted to draw up their own concluding documents, but found that the time available was insufficient for doing so properly. Extraordinary general assembliesIn view of the greater urgency that justify their convocation, the preparation of extraordinary general assemblies of the Synod of the Bishops is shorter. The participants also are fewer, consisting of the heads of Eastern Catholic Churches, the presidents (only) of episcopal conferences, three members (not ten) of religious institutes and the cardinals who head dicasteries of the Roman Curia.{{Sfn | Paul VI | 1965 | loc = VI}} {{As of|2014|October}}, there have been three such assemblies, in 1969, 1985, and 2014.Special assembliesSpecial assemblies of the Synod of the Bishops are limited to a certain geographical area. Its participants, chosen in line with the rules for extraordinary general assemblies, are limited to those directly involved in that area. Special assemblies have been held for the continents of Africa (twice), America, Asia, Europe (twice), Oceania, for the Middle East, for Lebanon, and for the Netherlands. ChronologyThe Synod of the Bishops has held the following assemblies:[1]{{sfn| Okoye| 2011| pp = 18–19}} Ordinary General
Extraordinary General
Special
See also
Notes{{Noteslist}}ReferencesCitations1. ^1 {{Citation | contribution = Summary of the synod assemblies | date = 15 September 2007 | contribution-url = http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES | title = Synodal Information | place = Vatican City | publisher = General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops}}. 2. ^1 http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/pope-francis-boosts-authority-of-the-synod-of-bishops 3. ^{{Citation | last = O'Malley S. J. | first = John W. | title = What Happened at Vatican II | edition = Kindle | publisher = The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | at = loc. 3769-3779 | isbn = 978-0-674-03169-2| year = 2008 }} 4. ^{{Citation | last = O'Malley S. J. | first = John W. | title = What Happened at Vatican II | edition = Kindle | publisher = The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | at = loc. 3792 | isbn = 978-0-674-03169-2| year = 2008 }} 5. ^{{Citation | last = O'Malley S. J. | first = John W. | title = What Happened at Vatican II | edition = Kindle | publisher = The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | at = loc. 5037-5058 | quote = Whatever the merits of Apostolica Sollicitudo, it was an expression of papal primacy, not of collegiality, a word never mentioned in the text. It was a preemptive strike by the center.| isbn = 978-0-674-03169-2| year = 2008 }} 6. ^{{Cite news|url= https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/pope-says-structures-collaboration-collegiality-need-strengthening |title=Pope says structures for collaboration, collegiality need strengthening|date=13 June 2013|work=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=5 June 2017}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://zenit.org/articles/popes-address-to-congregation-for-doctrine-of-the-faith/| title=Pope’s Address to Congregation for Doctrine of the Faith |work=Zenit|access-date=5 June 2017}} 8. ^1 https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-approves-new-constitution-for-synod-of-bishops-79689 9. ^http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/apost_constitutions/documents/papa-francesco_costituzione-ap_20180915_episcopalis-communio.html 10. ^{{Citation | date = 15 September 2007 | url = http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#C._Ordo_Synodi_Episcoporum,_the_Order_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops | title = Ordo Synodi Episcoporum |trans-title=The order of the Synod of Bishops | place = Vatican City | publisher = General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops}}. 11. ^1 2 {{Citation | date = 15 September 2007 | url = http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#IV._NOTES_ON_THE_SYNODAL_PROCESS | title = Notes on the Synodal Process | place = Vatican City | publisher = General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops}}. 12. ^{{Citation | url = https://www.google.com/search?tbo=1&q=Hinze+%22new+energies+and+movements%22&btnG= | first = Bradford E | last = Hinze | title = Practices of dialogue in the Roman Catholic Church | publisher = Continuum | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8264-1721-3 | page = 161}}. 13. ^{{cite news |work = National Catholic Reporter | url = http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/who-s-bright-anglican-outsider-vatican-bishops-synod | accessdate = 25 October 2015 | title = Who’s that bright Anglican outsider at Vatican bishops’ synod? | date = 22 October 2015 | first = Rosie | last = Scammell | agency = Religion News Service}} 14. ^{{Citation | url = http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_doc_19711130_giustizia_po.html | title = Justice in the World | place = Rome | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 15. ^{{cite news | work = New York Times | accessdate = 27 April 2018| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/04/archives/synod-of-bishops-affirms-celibacy-rule-for-priests-synod-reaffirms.html | date= 4 November 1971 | title = Synod of Bishops Affirms Celibacy Rule for Priests | first= Edward B. | last= Fiske}} 16. ^{{Citation | author = Pope Paul VI | author-link = Pope Paul VI | date = 8 December 1975 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_p-vi_exh_19751208_evangelii-nuntiandi_en.html | title = Evangelii nuntiandi | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 17. ^{{cite news | work= New York Times | accessdate = 23 October 2017 | date =23 October 1974| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/23/archives/bishops-reject-synod-report-as-largely-lacking-substance-troubled.html | first= Israel | last= Shenker | title= Bishops Reject Synod Report As Largely Lacking Substance }} 18. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/28/archives/the-bishops-rebuffed-the-bishops-rebuffed-pope-in-rejecting-synods.html | title=The Bishops Rebuffed | work = New York Times | accessdate = 26 October 2017 | date=28 October 1974}} 19. ^{{Citation | author =Pope John Paul II | author-link = Pope John Paul II | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_16101979_catechesi-tradendae_en.html | title = Catechesi tradendae | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 20. ^{{Citation |author = Pope John Paul II| date = 22 November 1981 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_19811122_familiaris-consortio_en.html | title = Familiaris consortio | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 21. ^{{cite journal|last=O'Riordan | first= Seán | title=The Synod on the Family, 1980 |journal= The Furrow |volume= 31 |issue= 12 |date= 1980 |pages= 759–777 | jstor= 27661042 }} 22. ^{{Citation | author = Pope John Paul II | date = 2 December 1984 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_02121984_reconciliatio-et-paenitentia_en.html | title = Reconciliatio et paenitentia | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 23. ^{{Citation | author = Pope John Paul II | date = 30 December 1988 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_30121988_christifideles-laici_en.html | title = Christifideles laici | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 24. ^{{Citation | author = Pope John Paul II | date = 25 March 1992 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_25031992_pastores-dabo-vobis_en.html | title = Pastores dabo vobis | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 25. ^{{Citation | author = Pope John Paul II| date = 25 March 1996 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_25031996_vita-consecrata_en.html | title = Vita consecrata | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 26. ^{{Citation | author =Pope John Paul II| date = 16 October 2003 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_20031016_pastores-gregis_en.html | title = Pastores gregis | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 27. ^{{Citation | author = Pope Benedict XVI| author-link = Pope Benedict XVI | date = 22 February 2007 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_ben-xvi_exh_20070222_sacramentum-caritatis_en.html | title = Sacramentum caritatis | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 28. ^{{Citation | author = Pope Benedict XVI | date = 30 September 2010 | url = http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_ben-xvi_exh_20100930_verbum-domini_en.html | title = Verbum Domini | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 29. ^{{Citation | author = Pope Francis| author-link = Pope Francis | date = 24 November 2013 | url = http://m.vatican.va/content/francescomobile/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html | title = Evangelii gaudium | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 30. ^{{cite document | url = http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_doc_20151026_relazione-finale-xiv-assemblea_en.html |title= Relatio Synodi of the XIV Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops: "The Vocation and Mission of the Family in the Church and in the Contemporary World"}} 31. ^{{citation | author=Pope Francis| author-link = Pope Francis | date = 19 March 2016 | title = Amoris laetitia: on love in the family | type = Apostolic exhortation | publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana | place = Rome | url = http://w2.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20160319_amoris-laetitia_en.pdf | isbn = 978-88-209-9786-1 }} 32. ^{{Citation | author = Francis, Pope | author-link = Pope Francis | date = 25 March 2019 | url = http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20190325_christus-vivit.html | title = Christus Vivit | type = Apostolic exhortation | place = Rome |publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana}} 33. ^1 2 {{cite web |url = http://world.time.com/2013/10/08/pope-francis-calls-extraordinary-synod-on-family-and-marriage/ |title = Pope Francis Calls Extraordinary Synod on Family and Marriage |last1=Dias |first1=Elizabeth | date= 8 October 2013 |website = Time Magazine | accessdate = 8 October 2013 | quote = ...the Vatican announced [...] Pope Francis will host an Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops to discuss [...] 'The Pastoral Challenges of the Family in the Context of Evangelization.' The meeting will take place in Rome, October 5–14, 2014...}} 34. ^{{cite news | accessdate = 18 October 2017 | date=15 October 2017 | work = CRUX | url = https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/10/15/pope-announces-synod-bishops-pan-amazon-region/ | first = Inés | last = San Martín | title=Pope announces Synod of Bishops for Pan-Amazon region}} 35. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-announces-special-2019-synod-of-bishops-on-south-american-countries-21122 | agency= Catholic News Agency| accessdate = 18 October 2017 | date=15 October 2017| title= Pope announces special 2019 Synod of Bishops on South American region | first= Hannah | last= Brockhaus}} Sources{{refbegin}}
3 : Synod of bishops in the Catholic Church|20th-century Catholicism|21st-century Catholicism |
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