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词条 Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS
释义

  1. Circulatory system

     Heart  Blood vessels  Other 

  2. Respiratory system

  3. Visual system

  4. Digestive system

  5. Endocrine system

  6. Urinary system

  7. Reproductive system

  8. Integumentary system

  9. References

Circulatory system

Heart

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
cardiac output β1, (β2): increases M2: decreases
SA node: heart rate (chronotropic) β1, (β2):[1] increases M2: decreases
Atrial cardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic) β1, (β2):[1] increases M2: decreases
at AV node β1:
increases conduction
increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1] 		M2:
decreases conduction
Atrioventricular block[1]
Ventricular cardiac muscle β1, (β2):
increases contractility (inotropic)
increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1] 		---

Blood vessels

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
vascular smooth muscle in general α1:[2] contracts; β2:[2] relaxes M3: relaxes[1]
renal artery α1:[3] constricts ---
larger coronary arteries α1 and α2:[4] constricts[1] ---
smaller coronary arteries β2: dilates[5] ---
arteries to viscera α: constricts ---
arteries to skin α: constricts ---
arteries to brain α1:[6] constricts[1] ---
arteries to erectile tissue α1:[7] constricts M3: dilates
arteries to salivary glands α: constricts M3: dilates
hepatic artery β2: dilates ---
arteries to skeletal muscle β2: dilates ---
Veins α1 and α2:[8] constricts
β2: dilates 		---

Other

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
platelets α2: aggregates ---
mast cells - histamine β2: inhibits ---

Respiratory system

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
smooth muscles of bronchioles* β2:[2] relaxes (major contribution)
α1: contracts (minor contribution) 		M3:[2] contracts
✱ The bronchioles have no sympathetic innervation, but are instead affected by circulating adrenaline[1]

Visual system

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
Pupil dilator muscle α1: Dilates
(causes mydriasis)
Iris sphincter muscle - M3: contracts
(causes miosis)
Ciliary muscle β2: relaxes
(causes long-range focus) 		M3: contracts
(causes short-range focus)

Digestive system

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
salivary glands: secretions β: stimulates viscous, amylase secretions
α1: stimulates potassium secretions 		M3: stimulates watery secretions
lacrimal glands (tears) β: stimulates protein secretion[9] secretion of tears by stimulating muscarinic receptors (M3)
juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidney β1:[2] renin secretion ---
parietal cells --- M1: Gastric acid secretion
liver α1, β2: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis ---
adipose cells β1,[2] β3: stimulates lipolysis ---
GI tract (smooth muscle) motility α1, α2,[10] β2: decreases M3, (M1):[1] increases
sphincters of GI tract α1,[2] α2,[1] β2: contracts M3:[2] relaxes
glands of GI tract no effect[1] M3: secretes

Endocrine system

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
pancreas (islets) α2: decreases insulin secretion from beta cells, increases glucagon secretion from alpha cells M3:[11][12] increases secretion of both insulin and glucagon.[11][12]
adrenal medulla N (nicotinic ACh receptor): secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine ---

Urinary system

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
Detrusor urinae muscle of bladder wall β2,[2] β3:[13] relaxes M3:[2] contracts
internal urethral sphincter α1:[2] contracts M3:[2] relaxes

Reproductive system

Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
uterus α1: contracts (pregnant[1])
β2: relaxes (non-pregnant[1]) 		---
genitalia α1: contracts (ejaculation) M3: erection

Integumentary system

Target Sympathetic (muscarinic and adrenergic) Parasympathetic
sweat gland secretions α1: stimulates (minor contribution) M:[2] stimulates (major contribution)
arrector pili α1: stimulates ---

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{Cite book| title= Pharmacology 5th ed.| isbn= 978-0-443-07145-4| publisher= Churchill Livingstone |year=2003| page= 127|author= Rang, Dale, Ritter & Moore}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book |last=Costanzo |first=Linda S. |title=Physiology |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2007 |page=37 |isbn=978-0-7817-7311-9}}
3. ^{{cite journal |pmid=6270306 |year=1981 |last1=Schmitz |first1=JM |last2=Graham |first2=RM |last3=Sagalowsky |first3=A |last4=Pettinger |first4=WA |title=Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: Biochemical and pharmacological correlations |volume=219 |issue=2 |pages=400–6 |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics}}
4. ^{{cite journal |pmid=2887122 |year=1987 |last1=Woodman |first1=OL |last2=Vatner |first2=SF |title=Coronary vasoconstriction mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in conscious dogs |volume=253 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=H388–93 |journal=The American Journal of Physiology|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.2.H388 }}
5. ^{{cite book |last=Rang |first=H. P. |title=Pharmacology |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |location=Edinburgh |year=2003 |page=270 |isbn=978-0-443-07145-4}}
6. ^Circulation & Lung Physiology I M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning Program, UC Davis School of Medicine
7. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0706956 |title=Α1A-Adrenoceptors mediate contractions to phenylephrine in rabbit penile arteries |year=2009 |last1=Morton |first1=J S |last2=Daly |first2=C J |last3=Jackson |first3=V M |last4=McGrath |first4=J C |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=150 |pages=112–20 |pmid=17115072 |issue=1 |pmc=2013850}}
8. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x |title=Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: Evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction |year=1997 |last1=Elliott |first1=J. |journal=Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=308–17 |pmid=9280371}}
9. ^{{cite journal |pmid=6320658 |year=1984 |last1=Mauduit |first1=P |last2=Herman |first2=G |last3=Rossignol |first3=B |title=Protein secretion induced by isoproterenol or pentoxifylline in lacrimal gland: Ca2+ effects |volume=246 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=C37–44 |journal=The American Journal of Physiology|doi=10.1152/ajpcell.1984.246.1.C37 }}
10. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/gut.28.8.955 |title=Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat |year=1987 |last1=Sagrada |first1=A |last2=Fargeas |first2=M J |last3=Bueno |first3=L |journal=Gut |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=955–9 |pmid=2889649 |pmc=1433140}}
11. ^1 {{cite book | last1 = Poretsky | first1 = Leonid |chapter=Parasympathetic Nerves |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA47 | title = Principles of diabetes mellitu | year = 2010 | publisher = Springer | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-387-09840-1 | page = 47 }}
12. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1714 |title=Muscarinic Stimulation of Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Release is Abolished in M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice |year=2004 |last1=Duttaroy |first1=A. |last2=Zimliki |first2=C. L. |last3=Gautam |first3=D. |last4=Cui |first4=Y. |last5=Mears |first5=D. |last6=Wess |first6=J. |journal=Diabetes |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1714–20 |pmid=15220195}}
13. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1124/jpet.109.155010 |title=Effects of 3-Adrenergic Receptor Activation on Rat Urinary Bladder Hyperactivity Induced by Ovariectomy |year=2009 |last1=Kullmann |first1=F. A. |last2=Limberg |first2=B. J. |last3=Artim |first3=D. E. |last4=Shah |first4=M. |last5=Downs |first5=T. R. |last6=Contract |first6=D. |last7=Wos |first7=J. |last8=Rosenbaum |first8=J. S. |last9=De Groat |first9=W. C. |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=330 |issue=3 |pages=704–17 |pmid=19515967 |pmc=2729793 }}

2 : Autonomic nervous system|Biology-related lists
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