“Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols

释义

Symbols
Etymology
Other features
Combined rhymes Tones
Example
Unicode support
See also
References
External links

{{more footnotes|date=May 2014}}{{Infobox Writing system
|name=Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
|type=Semisyllabary
|typedesc=(letters for onsets and rimes; diacritics for tones)
|time=1946 to the present, used as ruby characters in Taiwan
|fam1=Oracle Bone Script
|fam2=Seal Script
|fam3=Clerical Script
|fam4=Mandarin Phonetic Symbols
|sisters=Simplified Chinese, Kanji, Hanja, Chữ Nôm, Khitan script
|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3100.pdf U+3100–U+312F],
[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U31A0.pdf U+31A0–U+31BF]
|iso15924=Bopo
|sample=Hong-im Pek-kho.svg
|imagesize=250px
|creator=Chu Chao-hsiang, Taiwan NLC
}}{{Chinese|collapse=n
|t={{linktext|臺語|方音|符號}} |s={{linktext|台语|方音|符号}}
|bpmf=ㄊㄞˊ ㄩˇ ㄈㄤㄧㄣㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ |w=T'ai²-yü³ Fang¹-yin¹ Fu²-hao⁴ |p=Táiyǔ Fāngyīn Fúhào |tp=Táiyǔ Fangyin Fúhào |mps=Táiyǔ Fāngyīn Fúhàu |gr=Tairyeu Fang'yin Fwuhaw
|poj=Tâi-gí Hong-im Hû-hō |tl=Tâi-gí Hong-im Hû-hō |h=Thòi-ngî Fông-yîm Fù-ho
}}{{RCL}}Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols ({{zh|c=臺語方音符號}}; TPS: ㄉㄞˊ ㆣ丨ˋ ㄏㆲ 丨ㆬ ㄏㄨˊ ㄏㄜ˫) is a system of phonetic notation for the transcription of Taiwanese languages, especially Taiwanese Hokkien. The system is designed by Professor Chu Chao-hsiang, a member of National Languages Committee in Taiwan, in 1946.^[1] The system is derived from Mandarin Phonetic Symbols by creating additional symbols for the sounds that do not appear in Mandarin phonology. It has been one of the officially promoted phonetic notation system by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.^[2]

Symbols

There are 49 symbols used in standard Taiwanese Hokkien. Of these 49 symbols, 26 are from the original Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, while 23 are additional, created for Taiwanese languages.

Initial symbols (21)
ㄅ	ㆠ	ㄆ	ㄇ	ㄉ	ㄊ	ㄋ	ㄌ	ㄍ	ㆣ	ㄎ	ㄫ	ㄏ	ㄐ	ㆢ	ㄑ	ㄒ	ㄗ	ㆡ	ㄘ	ㄙ
[p]	[b]	[pʰ]	[m]	[t]	[tʰ]	[n]	[l]	[k]	[g]	[kʰ]	[ŋ]	[h]	[t͡ɕ]	[d͡ʑ]	[t͡ɕʰ]	[ɕ]	[t͡s]	[d͡z]	[t͡sʰ]	[s]
Final symbols (24)
ㄚ	ㆩ	ㆦ	ㆧ	ㄜ	ㆤ	ㆥ	ㄞ	ㆮ	ㄠ	ㆯ	ㆰ	ㆱ	ㆬ	ㄢ	ㄣ	ㄤ	ㆲ	ㄥ	ㆭ	ㄧ	ㆪ	ㄨ	ㆫ
[a]	[ã]	[ɔ]	[ɔ̃]	[ə]	[e]	[ẽ]	[ai]	[ãĩ]	[au]	[ãũ]	[am]	[ɔm]	[m̩]	[an]	[ən]	[aŋ]	[ɔŋ]	[əŋ]	[ŋ̍]	[i]	[ĩ]	[u]	[ũ]

The symbols in blue do not exist in Mandarin phonology.
Four voiceless consonants may be written in lower case for an unreleased coda: ㄅ [p̚ ], ㄉ [t̚ ], ㄍ [k̚ ], ㄏ [ʔ].
Some extra symbols are used in other Taiwanese dialects: ㄬ[ɲ], ㄛ [o], ㄝ [ɛ], ㆨ [ɨ].

Etymology

Initials
Group	Symbol	IPA	POJ	TL	BP	Notes	Example
Bilabial	ㄅ	p	p		b	Same value as in Mandarin	邊 (ㄅㄧㄢ pian)
	ㆠ	b	b		bb	Derived from ㄅ as a voiced counterpart	文 (ㆠㄨㄣˊ bûn)
	ㄆ	pʰ	ph		p	Same value as in Mandarin	波 (ㄆㄜ pho)
	ㄇ	m	m		bbn	Same value as in Mandarin	毛 (ㄇㆦ mo͘ )
Alveolar	ㄉ	t	t		d	Same value as in Mandarin	地 (ㄉㆤ˫ tē)
	ㄊ	tʰ	th		t	Same value as in Mandarin	他 (ㄊㆩ thaⁿ)
	ㄋ	n	n		ln	Same value as in Mandarin	耐 (ㄋㄞ˫ nāi)
	ㄌ	l	l		l	Same value as in Mandarin	柳 (ㄌㄧㄨˋ liú)
Velar	ㄍ	k	k		g	Same value as in Mandarin	求 (ㄍㄧㄨˊ kiû)
	ㆣ	g	g		gg	Derived from ㄍ as a voiced counterpart	語 (ㆣㄧˋ gí)
	ㄎ	kʰ	kh		k	Same value as in Mandarin	去 (ㄎㄧ˪ khì)
	ㄫ	ŋ	ng		ggn	Once appeared in old Mandarin	雅 (ㄫㄚˋ ngá)
Glottal	ㄏ	h	h		h	Different value to Mandarin, in Mandarin [x]	喜 (ㄏㄧˋ hí)
Alveolo- palatal	ㄐ	t͡ɕ	chi	tsi	zi	Same value as in Mandarin	尖(ㄐㄧㆰ tsiam)
	ㆢ	d͡ʑ	ji		zzi	Derived from ㄐ as a voiced counterpart	入 (ㆢㄧㆴ. ji̍p)
	ㄑ	t͡ɕʰ	chhi	tshi	ci	Same value as in Mandarin	手 (ㄑㄧㄨˋ tshiú)
	ㄒ	ɕ	si		si	Same value as in Mandarin	lang=zh\|寫}} (ㄒㄧㄚˋ {{linktext\|siá}})
Alveolar	ㄗ	t͡s	ch	ts	z	Same value as in Mandarin	曾 (ㄗㄢ chan)
	ㆡ	d͡z	j		zz	Derived from ㄗ as a voiced counterpart	熱 (ㆡㄨㄚㆷ. jua̍h)
	ㄘ	t͡sʰ	chh	tsh	c	Same value as in Mandarin	出 (ㄘㄨㆵ chhut)
	ㄙ	s	s		s	Same value as in Mandarin	衫 (ㄙㆩ saⁿ)

Rhymes and medials
Group	Symbol	IPA	POJ	TL	BP	Notes	Example
Vowels	ㄚ	a	a		a	Same value as in Mandarin	查 (ㄘㄚ cha)
	ㆩ	ã	aⁿ	ann	na	Derived from ㄚ as a nasalized counterpart	衫 (ㄙㆩ saⁿ)
	ㆦ	ɔ	o͘	oo	oo	New symbol solely used in Taiwanese	烏 (ㆦ o͘ )
	ㆧ	ɔ̃	oⁿ	onn	noo	Derived from ㆦ as a nasalized counterpart	翁 (ㆧ oⁿ)
	ㄜ	ə	o		o	Different value from Mandarin, in Mandarin [ɰɤ]. May written as ㄛ and pronounced [o] in some dialects	高 (ㄍㄜ ko)
	ㆤ	e	e		e	New symbol solely used in Taiwanese	禮 (ㄌㆤˋ lé)
	ㆥ	ẽ	eⁿ	enn	ne	Derived from ㆤ as a nasalized counterpart	生 (ㄙㆥ seⁿ)
Diph- thongs	ㄞ	ai	ai		ai	Same value as in Mandarin
	ㆮ	ãĩ	aiⁿ	ainn	nai	Derived from ㄞ as a nasalized counterpart
	ㄠ	au	au		ao	Same value as in Mandarin	lang=zh\|𠢕}} (ㆣㄠˊ {{linktext\|lang=zh\|gâu}})
	ㆯ	ãũ	auⁿ	aunn	nao	Derived from ㄠ as a nasalized counterpart, rarely used
M finals	ㆰ	am	am		am	A combination of ㄚ and ㄇ	暗 (ㆰ˪ ām)
	ㆱ	ɔm	om		om	A combination of ㆦ and ㄇ, rarely used	掩 (ㆱ om)
	ㆬ	m̩	m		m	Derived from ㄇ. May be used as a final bilabial nasal or a syllabic consonant	姆 (ㆬˋ ḿ)
N finals	ㄢ	an	an		an	Same value as in Mandarin
N finals	ㄣ	n	-n		-n	Only used in the finals ㄧㄣ, ㄨㄣ. ㄧㄣ has same value as in Mandarin. ㄨㄣ is pronounced as [un] unlike [wən] in Mandarin	因 (ㄧㄣ in)
Ng finals	ㄤ	aŋ	ang		ang	Same value as in Mandarin	人 (ㄌㄤˊ lâng)
	ㆲ	ɔŋ	ong		ong	New symbol solely used in Taiwanese	王 (ㆲˊ ông)
	ㄥ	əŋ	-ng		-ng	Only used in the final ㄧㄥ.	英 (ㄧㄥ eng)
	ㆭ	ŋ̍	ng		ng	Derived from ㄫ. May be used as a final velar nasal or a syllabic consonant	酸 (ㄙㆭ sng)
Medial vowels	ㄧ	i	i		i	Same value as in Mandarin	衣 (ㄧ i)
	ㆪ	ĩ	iⁿ	inn	ni	Derived from ㄧ as a nasalized counterpart	圓 (ㆪˊ îⁿ)
	ㄨ	u	o{{efn\|白話字在ㄨ後接有ㄚ、ㆤ等母音的韻母時，寫作 oa, oe ，如「ㄨㄞ」寫作 oai 。其他則用 u 。}} / u	u	u	Same value as in Mandarin	污 (ㄨ u)
	ㆫ	ũ	uⁿ	unn	nu	Derived from ㄨ as a nasalized counterpart. Only used in the final ㄧㆫ [ĩũ]	張 (ㄉㄧㆫ tiuⁿ)

Other features

Combined rhymes

Vowel(s)	Open syllabus		Nasal			Plosive
Vowel(s)	Open syllabus		[m]	[n]	[ŋ]	[p̚]	[t̚]	[k̚]	[ʔ]
[a]	ㄚ	ㆩ	ㆰ	ㄢ	ㄤ	ㄚㆴ	ㄚㆵ	ㄚㆶ	ㄚㆷ	ㆩㆷ
[ai]	ㄞ	ㆮ	ㄞㆷ	ㆮㆷ
[au]	ㄠ	ㄠㆷ
[e]	ㆤ	ㆥ	ㆤㆷ	ㆥㆷ
[i]	ㄧ	ㆪ	ㄧㆬ	ㄧㄣ	ㄧㄥ	ㄧㆴ	ㄧㆵ	ㄧㆶ	ㄧㆷ	ㆪㆷ
[ia]	ㄧㄚ	ㄧㆩ	ㄧㆰ	ㄧㄢ	ㄧㄤ	ㄧㄚㆴ	ㄧㄚㆵ	ㄧㄚㆶ	ㄧㄚㆷ	ㄧㆩㆷ
[iau]	ㄧㄠ	ㄧㆯ	ㄧㄠㆷ
[iə]	ㄧㄜ	ㄧㄜㆷ
[iɔ]	ㄧㆲ	ㄧㆦㆶ
[iu]	ㄧㄨ	ㄧㆫ	ㄧㄨㆷ	ㄧㆫㆷ

Vowel(s)	Open syllabus		Nasal			Plosive
Vowel(s)	Open syllabus		[m]	[n]	[ŋ]	[p̚]	[t̚]	[k̚]	[ʔ]
[ə]	ㄛ	ㄛㆷ
[ɔ]	ㆦ	ㆧ	ㆱ	ㆲ	ㆦㆴ	ㆦㆶ	ㆦㆷ	ㆧㆷ
[u]	ㄨ	ㄨㄣ	ㄨㆵ	ㄨㆷ
[ua]	ㄨㄚ	ㄨㆩ	ㄨㄢ	ㄨㄚㆵ	ㄨㄚㆷ
[uai]	ㄨㄞ	ㄨㆮ
[ue]	ㄨㆤ	ㄨㆤㆷ
[ui]	ㄨㄧ
[m̩]	ㆬ		－						ㆬㆷ
[ŋ̍]	ㆭ		－						ㆭㆷ

Tones

Tone No.	1	2(6)	3	4	5	7	8
Name	lang=zh-tw\|陰平}}	lang=zh-tw\|上聲}}	lang=zh-tw\|陰去}}	lang=zh-tw\|陰入}}	lang=zh-tw\|陽平}}	lang=zh-tw\|陽去}}	lang=zh-tw\|陽入}}
Name	im-pîng	siōng-siann	im-khì	im-ji̍p	iông-pîng	iông-khì	iông-ji̍p
Symbol	none	lang=zh-tw\|ˋ}}	lang=zh-tw\|˪}}	lang=zh-tw\|ㄅ}}, {{linktext\|lang=zh-tw\|ㄉ}}, {{linktext\|lang=zh-tw\|ㄍ}}, {{linktext\|lang=zh-tw\|ㄏ}}	lang=zh-tw\|ˊ}}	lang=zh-tw\|˫}}	lang=zh-tw\|ㄅ̇}}, {{linktext\|lang=zh-tw\|ㄉ̇}}, {{linktext\|lang=zh-tw\|ㄍ̇}}, {{linktext\|lang=zh-tw\|ㄏ̇}}
Pitch	˥	˥˩	˧˩	˧ʔ	˨˦	˧	˥ʔ
Pitch	55	51	31	3ʔ	24	33	5ʔ
Example	lang=zh-tw\|東}})	lang=zh-tw\|黨}})	lang=zh-tw\|棟}})	ㄍ ({{linktext>lang=zh-tw\|督}})	lang=zh-tw\|同}})	lang=zh-tw\|洞}})	ㄍ̇ ({{linktext>lang=zh-tw\|毒}})

Example

Audio File:	Taiwanese Kana Example.ogg\|Sound file}}
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols:	ㄒㄧㄢㄒㆪ ㄍㆲˋ, ㄏㄚㄍ̇ ㄒㄧㄥㄉㄧㆰ˫ ㄉㄧㆰ˫ ㄊㄧㆩ
IPA:	[ ɕɪɛn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕiəŋ˥ tɪam˧ tɪam˧ tʰĩã˥ ]}}
Pe̍h-ōe-jī:	Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.
Tâi-lô:	Sian-sinn kóng, ha̍k-sing tiām-tiām thiann.
Traditional Chinese:	先生講、學生恬恬聽。
Translation:	A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening.

Unicode support

The Mandarin Phonetic Symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. The Unicode block for Mandarin Phonetic Symbols is U+3100 ... U+312F.

The extended phonetic symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. The Unicode block for the extended symbols is U+31A0 ... U+31BF.

However, there are several errors in the extended symbols

References

1. ^{{cite web |title= 華、台語注音符號溯源| url=http://olddoc.tmu.edu.tw/chiaushin/marker-0.htm | author=吳守禮}}
2. ^{{cite book |author= |authorlink= |title=方音符號系統(Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols) |trans-title=Practical Manual for the Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols |script-title=zh:臺語方音符號拼音方案使用手冊(閩南語音標系統) |publisher=ROC Ministry of Education |year=2001 |edition= |isbn= |url=https://depart.moe.edu.tw/ed2400/News_Content.aspx?n=115F1082F1FB6842&sms=EFB4F5BEE71F2ECF&s=7999ED5540060D14 |language=Chinese}}

External links

教育部方音符號系統
華、台語注音符號簡說總表
華、台語注音符號總表

3 : Writing systems introduced in 1946|Transcription of Chinese|Hokkien writing system

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