“Takemikazuchi”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Takemikazuchi ({{linktext|建|御|雷}} or {{linktext|武|甕|槌}}, "Brave-Awful-Possessing"^[2] or "Thunder-God")^[3] is a deity in Japanese mythology, considered a god of thunder^[2] and sword god.^[3] He also competed in what is considered the first sumo wrestling match recorded in history.

He is otherwise known as Kashima-no-kami, the chief deity revered of the Kashima Shrine at Kashima, Ibaraki (and all other subsidiary Kashima shrines).^[2]^[7] In the namazu-e or catfish pictures of the Edo period, Takemikazuchi/Kashima is depicted attempting to subdue the giant catfish supposedly dwelling at the {{Nihongo|kaname-ishi|要石|"pinning rock"}} of the Japanese land-mass and causing its earthquakes.^[2]^[7] (See image above right).

Forms of the name

In the Kojiki the god's name is sometimes written in the full-blown form {{linktext|建|御|雷|之|男|神}} "Brave-Awful-Possessing-Male-Deity". He also bears the alternate names {{Nihongo|Takefutsu|建布都神|"Brave-Snapping-Deity"}} and {{Nihongo|Toyofutsu|豊布都神|"Luxuriant-Snapping Deity"}}^[4]^[5]

In the Nihon Shoki different sets of characters are used to represent the name ({{linktext|武|甕|雷|男|神}}). Its early translator Aston styled the name simply as Ikazuchi no Kami or "The Thunder-God".^[6]

Descriptions in the Kojiki and Nihon shoki

Birth of the gods

In the Kamiumi ("birth of the gods") episodes of the Kojiki, the god of creation Izanagi ("the Male-Who-invites") severs the head of the fire deity Kagu-tsuchi ("Shining-Elder"), whereupon the blood from the "ten-grasp sabre" or "ten-fist sword (Totsuka-no-Tsurugi)" splattered the rocks and gave birth to several deities. The blood from the sword-tip engendered one triad of deities, and the blood from near the base of the blade produced another triad that included Takemikazuchi (here given as "Brave-Awful-Possessing-Male-Deity" by Chamberlain).^[4]^[5]

The name of the ten-fist sword wielded by Izanagi is given postscripturally as {{Interlanguage link multi|Ame-no-ohabari|ja|3=天之尾羽張|vertical-align=sup}}, otherwise known as Itsu-no-ohabari.^[7] (Accordingly, Takemikazuchi is referred in some passages as the child of Itsu-no-o habari. See next section).

The Nihon Shoki gives the same episode in the same general gist, albeit more vaguely regarding this deity.^[6]^[8]

Quelling of the Middle Country

In the episodes where the gods of the heavenly plains (Takama-ga-hara) contemplate and execute the conquest of the terrestrial world known as Middle Country (Ashihara no Nakatsukuni), Takemikazuchi is one of the chief delegates sent down to subjugate the terrestrial deities (kuni-tsu-kami).

In the Kojiki (Conquest of Izumo chapter), the heavenly deities Amaterasu and Takamusubi decreed that either Takemikazuchi or his father {{Interlanguage link multi|Ame-no-ohabari|ja|3=天之尾羽張|lt=Itsu-no-ohabari|vertical-align=sup}} ("Heaven-Point-Blade-Extended") must be sent down for the conquest. Itsu-no-ohabari (who appeared previously as a ten-fist sword) here has the mind and speech of a sentient god, and he volunteered his son Takemikazuchi for the subjugation campaign. Takemikazuchi was accompanied by {{Interlanguage link multi|Ame-no-torifune|ja|3=鳥之石楠船神|vertical-align=sup}} "Deity Heavenly-Bird-Boat" (which may be a boat as well as being a god)^[9]^[10]

The two deities reached the land of Izumo at a place called {{Nihongo|"the little shore of Izasa/Inasa"|伊耶佐小浜}}, and stuck a "ten-fist sword" (Totsuka-no-Tsurugi) upside-down on the crest of the wave, and sat atop it, while demanding the local god Ōkuninushi ("Master-of-the-Great-Land") to relinquish the Izumo province over to them. Ōkuninushi replied he would defer the decision to his children deities, and would follow suit in their counsel. One of them, Kotoshironushi or Yae-Kotoshironushi ("Eight-Fold-Thing-Sign-Master") who had been out fishing, was easily persuaded to forfeit his authority and retire into seclusion.

The other, Takeminakata ("Brave-August-Name-Firm") would not concede without testing his feats of strength against Takemikazuchi. When the challenger grabbed Takemikazuchi's hand it turned as if into icicle and then a sword, making him cringe. Takemikazuchi then grabbed Takeminakata's hand, crushing it like a young reed,.^[2] The challenger, chased to the sea near {{Nihongo|Suwa of Shinano|科野国之州羽海 in Kojiki text}}, asked for clemency on his life, promising to hold himself in exile in that region (in this way, the defeated Takeminakata became chief deity of the Suwa Grand Shrine in Nagano Prefecture).^[2]^[10]

The hand-to-hand bout between the two deities is considered the mythical origin of sumo wrestling.^[11]

The Nihon shoki names a different partner for Takemikazuchi in the task of conquering lands of the Middle Country. That partner is Futsunushi (a god who goes unmentioned in the Kojiki in the gods' birth episode^[7] as well as this episode).^[12]^[13]

Just as Takemikazuchi was chief deity of Kashima Shrine, this Futsunushi was the chief of the Katori Shrine.^[7]^[14] In the early centuries, when the Yamato rulers campaigned in the Kantō and Tōhoku regions, they would pray to these to war gods for military success, so that subsidiary shrines of the two gods are scattered all over these regions.^[14] The enshrinement of the deities at Kashima and Katori is mentioned briefly in the Kogo Shūi (807).^[7]

The Nihon shoki account has other discrepancies. The beach where the gods stuck the "ten-fist sword" is here called "Itasa". The chief god of Izumo (Ōkuninushi) is called by the name of Ōanamuchi.^[15] The wrestling match with Takeminakata is missing. In the end, Ōanamuchi/Ōkuninushi gave sign of his obeisance by presenting the broad spear he used to pacified the land with.^[12]^[13] Jumping to a later passage (after digressing on other matters), the Nihon shoki retells Takemikazuchi and Futsunushi's landing on the beach, this time stating that Ōanamuchi verbally expressed resistance to relinquish his rule, until the heavenly gods promised him palatial residence to recompense his abdication.^[16]^[17]

Appended to the two passages is mention of a star deity named Amatsu-Mikaboshi who resisted till the end, and whom Takemikazuchi and Futsunushi were particularly eager to vanquish. The latter passage states that the being who subdued the star god, referred to as {{Nihongo|Iwai no nushi|斎の大人}} is enshrined at Katori, hinting that it might be Futsunushi.^[18] However, the earlier passage says a god named {{Interlanguage link multi|Takehazuchi|ja|3=建葉槌命|vertical-align=sup}} was the vanquisher of the star god.^[19]

Emperor Jimmu's conquest of the East

Takemikazuchi's sword aided Jimmu in his subjugation of the east. At Kumano, the emperor and his troops were either struck unconscious by the appearance of a bear (Kojiki)^[20]^[21] or severely debilitated by the poison fumes spewed out by local gods (Nihon shoki).^[22]^[23] But a man named Takakuraji presented a gift of a sword, the emperor awoke, and without him hardly brandishing this weapon, the evil deities of Kumano were spontaneously cut down. When Jimmu inquired, Takkuraji explained that he had a vision in a dream where the supreme deities Amaterasu and Takamusubi were about to command Takemikazuchi to descend to earth once again to pacify the lands, this time to assist the emperor. However, Takemizuchi replied that it would be sufficient to send down the sword he used during his campaigns, and, boring a hole through Takakuraji's storehouse, deposited the sword, bidding the man to present it to Emperor Jimmu. That sword bore the names of {{Nihongo|Futsu-no-mitama|布都御魂|"August-Snap-Spirit"}}, {{Nihongo|Saji-futsu-no-kami|佐士布都神|"Deity Thrust-Snap"}}, {{Nihongo|Mika-futsu no kami|甕布都神|"Deity Awful-Snap"}}.^[21] This sword is the main dedication (goshintai) kept at Isonokami Shrine.^[20]

Commentary

Takemikazuchi was originally a local god (kuni-tsu-kami) revered by the {{Nihongo|Ō clan|多氏|Ō no uji, also written 大氏, etc.}},^[45] and was a god of maritime travel.^[45] However, the Nakatomi clan who also has roots in this region, and when they took over control of priestly duties from the Ō clan, they also instituted Takemikazuchi as the Nakatomi clan's ujigami (clan deity). Or so this is the observation by {{Interlanguage link multi|Iwao Ōwa|ja|3=大和岩雄|vertical-align=sup}} in his Jinja to kodai ōken saishi (1989). He goes on to theorized that the Ō clan was originally {{Nihongo|ōmi|大忌|"greater taboo (priesthood)"}}, but was usurped by the Nakatomi who were among the "lesser priesthood" (the latter claims descent from {{Nihongo|Inbe clan|忌部氏}}).^[24]

The Nakatomi clan, essentially the priestly branch of the Fujiwara clan, also placed the veneration of the Takemikazuchi/Kashima deity in the Kasuga Grand Shrine in Nara.^[24] (The thunder god is one of several gods revered at the grand shrined)

When the {{Interlanguage link multi|Yamato kingship|ja|3=ヤマト王権|vertical-align=sup}} expanded control into the easterly dominions, Kashima (Kashima, Ibaraki) became a crucial base. And the Yamato armies and generals prayed to the Kashima and Katori deities for military success against the intransigents in the east, as already mentioned under #Quelling of the Middle Country. In these ways, Takemikazuchi became an important deity for the Yamato dynasty.

Pop Culture

See also

Notes

1. ^{{Harvnb|小向|1992}}, p.77 carries a comparable namazu-e (鹿島要石真図, which identifies the god as Kashima/Takemikazuchi
2. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|last=Ashkenazi|first=Michael|title=Handbook of Japanese Mythology|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqs-y9R2AekC&pg=PA266|page=266|isbn=9781576074671}}
3. ^¹{{citation|last=三品|first=彰英 (Shōei Mishina)|volume=14|title=たけみかづち|page=367|work=世界百科事典 (Sekai hyakka jiten)|publisher=Heibonsha|origyear=1968|year=1969}}
4. ^¹²{{Harvnb|Chamberlain|1919|loc=§VIII, The slaying of the fire-deity, pp.35–}}
5. ^¹{{Harvnb|武田|1996}}『古事記』text p. 27/ mod. Ja. tr. p.213
6. ^¹²{{Harvnb|Aston|1896}}, pp.28–29;
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book|last=Ouwehand |first=Cornelis |last2=Logunova |first2=Vera Vasil'evna|title=Namazu-e and Their Themes: An Interpretative Approach to Some Aspects of Japanese Folk Religion |publisher=Brill Archive|year=1964|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1P4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA57|pages=57-}}, gives sword as "Itsu-no-o habari"
8. ^{{Harvnb|宇治谷|1988}} 『日本書紀』上 p.26
9. ^{{Harvnb|Chamberlain|1919|loc=§XXXII, Abdication of the deity Master-of-the-Great-Land, pp.121-}}
10. ^¹{{Harvnb|武田|1996}}『古事記』text p. 60/ mod. Ja. tr. p.244
11. ^{{citation|last=彦山|first=光三 (Mitsuzō Hikoyama)|volume=12|title=すもう|page=597|work=世界百科事典 (Sekai hyakka jiten)|publisher=Heibonsha|origyear=1968|year=1969}}
12. ^¹{{Harvnb|Aston|1896}}, Chapter:Age of the Gods II, pp.67-70.
13. ^¹{{Harvnb|宇治谷|1988}} 『日本書紀』上 p.56-8
14. ^¹{{citation|last=武田|first=政一 (Masaichi Takeda)|volume=4|title=かしまじんじゃ|page=404|work=世界百科事典 (Sekai hyakka jiten)|publisher=Heibonsha|origyear=1968|year=1969}}
15. ^Oho-na-mochi in {{Harvnb|Aston|1896}}
16. ^{{Harvnb|Aston|1896}}, Chapter:Age of the Gods II, pp.79-80.
17. ^{{Harvnb|宇治谷|1988}} 『日本書紀』上 p.64-6
18. ^{{cite book|author=寺島良安|author2=島田勇雄, 樋口元巳|title=和漢三才図会|volume=10|publisher=平凡社|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h98EAAAAMAAJ|page=71}} subscribes to this view
19. ^{{Harvnb|宇治谷|1988}} 『日本書紀』上 p.64, 58
20. ^¹{{Harvnb|武田|1996}}『古事記』text p. 77-8/ mod. Ja. tr. p.260-1
21. ^¹{{Harvnb|Chamberlain|1919|loc=§XLV.—Emperor Jim-mu (Part II.—The Cross-Sword Sent Down From Heaven)., pp.164-}}
22. ^{{Harvnb|Aston|1896|pp=114-115}}
23. ^{{Harvnb|宇治谷|1988}}, p.94-5
24. ^¹²³{{cite book|ref=harv|last=小向|first=正司|publisher=学研|year=1992|title=神道の本|series=Books Esoterica|volume=2|isbn=|pages=76–7}}(zasshi code 66951-07; kyōtsu zasshi code T10-66951-07-1000)