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词条 Tamerlan Tsarnaev
释义

  1. Personal background

     Family background  Early life 

  2. Activities prior to the bombings

     2004–2007  2008  2009  2010  2011  Involvement in Waltham triple murder 

  3. 2012 visit to Russia, through April 2013

     Visit to Russia  Return to U.S. 

  4. 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, MIT killing, and carjacking

  5. Death

  6. Family members

     Dzhokhar Tsarnaev  Ruslan Tsarni  Zubeidat Tsarnaeva   Katherine Russell  

  7. References

     Footnotes  Notes 

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Eastern Slavic name|Anzorovich|Tsarnaev}}{{Infobox person
| name = Tamerlan Tsarnaev
| image = Tamerlan tsarnaev boxing cropped.png
| image_size =
| caption = Tsarnaev in 2009
| birth_name = Tamerlan Anzorovich Tsarnaev[1]
| native_name = Тамерлан Анзорович Царнаев
| citizenship = Kyrgyzstan and Russia
| birth_date = {{birth date|1986|10|21|mf=yes}}[2]
| birth_place = Elista, Kalmyk ASSR, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union[2]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|4|19|1986|10|21|mf=yes}}
| death_place = {{nowrap|Watertown, Massachusetts, U.S.}}
| death_cause = Gunshot wounds and blunt trauma
| resting_place = Al-Barzakh Cemetery
31058 Sadle Lane Road
Caroline County
Doswell, Virginia, U.S.[1]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| parents = Anzor Tsarnaev and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva
| relatives = 1 brother (Dzhokhar)
2 sisters (Ailina and Bella)
| spouse = {{marriage|Karima Tsarnaev|2010|2013|end=his death}}
| children = Zahara Tsarnaev}}Tamerlan Anzorovich Tsarnaev ({{IPAc-en|,|t|æ|m|ər|'|l|ɑː|n|_|,|t|s|ɑːr|'|n|aɪ|ɛ|f|}}; October 21, 1986 – April 19, 2013)[2] was a Chechen terrorist who, with his brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, planted pressure cooker bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013.[3][7][4][5] The bombings killed three people and reportedly injured as many as 264 others.[6] Tsarnaev was of half-Chechen and half-Avar descent.[11] He came to the United States in 2004.[7] At the time of the bombings, Tsarnaev was an aspiring boxer.[8]

Shortly after the Federal Bureau of Investigation declared them suspects in the bombings and released images of them, the Tsarnaev brothers killed an MIT policeman, carjacked an SUV, and engaged in a shootout with the police in the Boston suburb of Watertown. According to the federal indictment, during the shootout Tsarnaev was captured but died, partly as a result of his brother driving over him, and an MBTA police officer was critically injured in the course of Dzhokhar's escape in the SUV[9] (the latter by what may have been friendly fire).[10] An injured Dzhokhar escaped, but was found, arrested, and hospitalized on the evening of April 19 after an unprecedented manhunt in which thousands of police searched a 20-block area of Watertown.[11]

During his incarceration, Tsarnaev's brother allegedly said during questioning that the pair next intended to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City.[12] Dzhokhar reportedly also said to authorities that he and his brother were radicalized, at least in part, by watching Anwar al-Awlaki lectures.[13]

Personal background

Family background

The Tsarnaev family was forcibly moved from Chechnya to the Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan in the years following World War II.[19] Anzor Tsarnaev is a Chechen, and Zubeidat Tsarnaeva is an Avar.[20][21][22] The couple had two sons, with Tamerlan Tsarnaev born in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[23] in 1986, and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev born in Kyrgyzstan in 1993.[24] The parents also have two daughters.[25] According to some, other Chechen Americans in the area apparently did not consider the American branch of the family to be fully Chechen because they had not ever lived in Chechnya.[24]

As children, Tsarnaev and his brother lived in Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan.[14] In 2001, the family moved to Makhachkala, Dagestan, in the Russian Federation.[28][29][30] In April 2002, the Tsarnaev parents and Dzhokhar went to the United States on a 90-day tourist visa.[31][32][33] Anzor Tsarnaev applied for asylum, citing fears of deadly persecution due to his ties to Chechnya.[34]

Tsarnaev was left in the care of his uncle Ruslan in Kyrgyzstan,[19] and arrived in the U.S. around two years later.[36] In the U.S. the parents received asylum and then filed for their four children, who received "derivative asylum status".[37] They settled on Norfolk Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Tsarnaev lived in Cambridge on 410 Norfolk Street until his death.[38]

The family "was in constant transition" for the next decade.[19] Anzor and Zubeidat Tsarnaev both received welfare benefits.[40] The father worked as a backyard mechanic and the mother worked as a cosmetologist[41] until she lost her job for refusing to work in a business that served men. In March 2007, the family was granted legal permanent residence.[36]

Early life

Tamerlan Tsarnaev was born in the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (now Kalmykia), a North Caucasus[23] unit of Russia then in the Soviet Union.[15] He was a permanent resident of the U.S.,[33] a Russian citizen and a Kyrgyzstani citizen.[16]

Activities prior to the bombings

2004–2007

After arriving in the U.S. he attended Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, a public high school.[17] He applied for admission at the University of Massachusetts Boston for the fall of 2006, but was rejected.[18] He attended Bunker Hill Community College part-time for three terms between 2006 and 2008, studying accounting with hopes of becoming an engineer.[29][19] He dropped out of school to concentrate on boxing.[29][52]

In 2007, Tsarnaev confronted a Brazilian youth who had dated his younger sister, Bella, for about two years, and punched him in the face. A high school friend of Bella said Tsarnaev did not approve because the boy was not a Muslim.[20]

2008

During 2008, Tsarnaev became a devout Muslim and stopped drinking and smoking (eventually becoming an extremist a year later). He began to regularly attend the Islamic Society of Boston mosque near his home in Cambridge, a mosque which Americans for Peace and Tolerance, a longtime critic of the mosque, alleges to support "a brand of Islamic thought that encourages grievances against the West, distrust of law enforcement and opposition to Western forms of government, dress and social values".[21]

In May 2008, his sister said her husband was cheating on her and beating her up. Tsarnaev flew across the country to Bellingham, Washington, to "straighten up the brains" of his brother-in-law, Khozhugov.[20]

2009

An aspiring heavyweight boxer, Tsarnaev trained at the Wai Kru Mixed Martial Arts Center, a Boston club.[22] In 2009–10, he was the New England Golden Gloves heavyweight champion, winning the Rocky Marciano Trophy.[23][24] In May 2009, he fought in the nationals in the 201-pound weight class, but lost a first-round decision.[23][25]

Tsarnaev first dated Nadine Ascencao who became his live-in girlfriend. After an incident between Ascencao and Tsarnaev, she called 911 crying hysterically and asking for help. Tsarnaev was arrested at his home at 410 Norfolk Street in Cambridge, on July 28, 2009, for aggravated domestic assault and battery.[26] The case was dismissed for lack of prosecution, but Tsarnaev's father attributed to it the delay in his eldest son gaining U.S. citizenship.[38][27][28]

Tsarnaev then dated an American, Katherine Russell, from North Kingstown, Rhode Island, on and off while she attended Suffolk University from 2007 to 2010.[29] She converted to Islam and started wearing a hijab in 2008.[30] Friends said he would shout at her that she was a "slut".[31] They described fights in which he would "fly into rages and sometimes throw furniture or throw things".[32]

The Tsarnaev brothers' uncle, Ruslan Tsarni, said he "had been concerned about his nephew being an extremist since 2009". Tsarni said that Tsarnaev's radicalization started not during his visit to Russia in January 2012, but much earlier in Boston after he was influenced by a Muslim convert known as "Misha".[33] "Misha" was later identified as Mikhail Allakhverdov, a 39-year-old from Rhode Island (of Armenian-Ukrainian origin,[34] born in Azerbaijan).[35] Allakhverdov told The New York Review of Books that he rejected violence, was not Tsarnaev's teacher, had not spoken to Tamerlan in three years and had never met his family members. Furthermore, he said that he had cooperated with a brief FBI investigation that the NYRB reported had found no ties between Allakhverdov and the attacks.[34]

2010

According to a 2010 photo essay about him in The Comment, the graduate student magazine of Boston University's College of Communication, Tsarnaev said that he was working to become a naturalized citizen in time to be selected for the U.S. Olympic boxing team. He added that he would "rather compete for the United States than for Russia",[22][24] while remarking that he "didn't understand" Americans and did not have any American friends.[22] A later FBI report recorded Tamerlan stating that was a misquote, and that most of his friends were American.[36][37] He added that he abstained from drinking and smoking, because "God says no to alcohol"[38] and that "there are no values anymore. People can't control themselves".[39]

Pro super middleweight Edwin Rodriguez sparred with Tsarnaev in 2010, and later said that, although Tsarnaev hit hard, he lacked competitiveness and immediately complained of stomach pain and rib pain. He described Tsarnaev as arrogant but "a coward".[23] Tsarnaev's landlord said the boxer's aspirations were never met because "his back was in really bad shape and he couldn't get into the Olympics".[40]

His coach and another boxer described him as talented but cool and arrogant.[41][42] Rule changes disqualified all non-US citizens from Golden Gloves boxing, ending Tsarnaev's's boxing career and Olympic hopes.[20]

According to an aunt in Dagestan, "He started to be really interested in Islam about three years ago [April 2010], but he was never a radical."[43]

In the spring of 2010, his girlfriend Katherine Russell became pregnant with their child and dropped out of college at the end of her junior year to marry Tsarnaev on June 21, 2010, in a 15-minute ceremony in an office at the Masjid Al Quran in the Dorchester area of Greater Boston.[44][45][46][47][48] Imam Taalib Mahdee said that he had not met the couple before the ceremony, and Katherine was the one who had called and asked to be married there.[45] Katherine Russell had converted to Islam after starting dating Tsarnaev and had adopted the Muslim name Karima.[49][50] The couple had a daughter, Zahara Tsarnaev, born in October 2010.[51]

Tsarnaev first came to the attention of Russian security forces in December 2010 when William Plotnikov was briefly detained in Dagestan and forced to disclose his social networking contacts in North America with ties to Russia.[52]

2011

In early 2011, Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) told the Federal Bureau of Investigation that Tsarnaev was a follower of Islamic extremism and a strong believer. The FSB said that he was preparing to leave the United States to travel to the Russian region to join unspecified underground groups.[53][54] The FBI initially denied that it had contacted Tsarnaev, but then said that it actually had after Tsarnaev's mother talked about the FBI's contacts with her son on RT.[55] The FBI said that it interviewed him and relatives of his, but did not find any terrorist activity, and that it provided the results in the summer of 2011.[54] At that point, the FBI asked the FSB for more information, but the Russians did not respond to the American request, and the FBI officially closed the case.[56]

Tsarnaev's mother said that FBI agents had told her they feared her son was an "extremist leader", and that he was getting information from "extremist sites".[101][57] She said Tsarnaev had been under FBI surveillance for at least three years and that "they were controlling every step of him". The FBI flatly denied this accusation.[58][59] Tsarnaev "vaguely discussed" jihad during a 2011 phone call with his mother that was taped by the FSB, and intelligence officials also discovered text messages in which his mother discussed how he was ready to die for Islam.[60] In late 2011, the Central Intelligence Agency put both Tsarnaev and his mother on its Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment database.[60][61]

Involvement in Waltham triple murder

{{Main|2011 Waltham triple murder}}

Two Jewish men, Erik Weissman, and Raphael Teken, as well as their roommate Brendan Mess, were killed in a triple homicide in Waltham, Massachusetts, on September 11, 2011, the 10-year anniversary of the 9/11 attacks.[62][63][64] Each victim's throat had been slit with such great force as to be nearly decapitated. Thousands of dollars worth of marijuana and cash were left covering the victims' bodies, and $5,000 was left at the scene.[65] The local district attorney said that it appeared that the killer and the victims knew each other. It was reported on April 23, 2013, that local authorities believed Tsarnaev may have been responsible for the triple homicide, and they and the FBI were investigating the possibility.[66][67][68][69][70] In May, forensic evidence connected the two brothers to the scene of the killings, and their cell phone records appeared to place them in the area. The officials cautioned that until more definitive DNA testing is complete, it is still too early to consider bringing an indictment against the younger of the two brothers.[71]

ABC reported on April 23, 2013, that authorities linked Tsarnaev to the Waltham unsolved triple homicide.[62]

2012 visit to Russia, through April 2013

Visit to Russia

Tsarnaev traveled to Russia through Moscow's Domodedovo International Airport in January 2012, and returned to the U.S. in July 2012.[119] He and his wife received public assistance and food stamps from September 2011 to November 2012, which included all the time Tsarnaev was in Russia. Zubeidat Tsarnaeva said her son had wanted his wife and their child to move to Dagestan with him, and that: "She herself agreed; she said she wanted to study a different culture, language."[45]

During the six months he was overseas, he visited his family in the North Caucasus.

Tsarnaev's father said that he was with him in Makhachkala, the capital of Dagestan, for six months and that they had done ordinary things, such as visiting relatives. His father also said that they visited Chechnya twice, to see relatives there and to receive his son's new Russian passport.[72][73] While Tsarnaev arrived in Russia in January 2012, however, he only arrived in Dagestan around March, and his father arrived there in May.[74] U.S. House Homeland Security Chairman Michael McCaul said he believed that Tsarnaev received training during his trip, and became radicalized.[75] In an early report, Dagestan's interior minister Abdurashid Magomedov said through a spokesman that Tsarnaev "did not have contact with the [Islamist] underground during his visit".[76]

The Tsarnaev brothers' mother's second cousin, Magomed Kartashov, is a figure in Dagestan's Islamist community.[77] Zubeidat confirmed that they "became very close." Kartashov's Islamist organization, "The Union of the Just," advocates Islam as a political system under sharia law. He and Tsarnaev discussed fighting the global fight. Kartashov said the Boston bombing is "good" in that it will increase converts to Islam similar to the attacks of September 11.[78]

According to media reports, Tsarnaev was seen by Dagestan police, who were conducting surveillance, making six visits to a known Islamic militant in a Salafi mosque in Makhachkala founded by an associate of Ayman Zawahiri.[79][80][81][82] According to Russian investigative newspaper Novaya Gazeta, quoting unnamed Russian security sources, Tsarnaev was linked to 23-year-old William Plotnikov, an ethnic Russian-Tatar Islamic militant and Canadian citizen, with whom he communicated via online social networking sites.[83][84][134] Tsarnaev had also visited Toronto, where Plotnikov lived with his parents.[85] Once in Dagestan, Tsarnaev is said to have met on several occasions with Makhmud Mansur Nidal, a 19-year-old Dagestani-Palestinian man. Nidal was under close surveillance by Dagestan's anti-extremism unit for six months as a suspected recruiter for Islamist insurgents, before the police killed him in May.[82] According to Novaya Gazeta, Tsarnaev had sought to join the local insurgency, and was put on a period of 'quarantine' – a clearance check by insurgents looking for infiltrating double agents, taking several months for a recruit to be verified. After Tsarnaev's alleged contacts were both killed, he "got frightened and fled". He left Russia in July two days after Plotnikov was killed, in an apparent hurry that Russian authorities considered suspicious, not waiting to pick up his new Russian passport — ostensibly one of his main reasons for coming to Russia.[86][87][88][89]

In an interview, Tsarnaev's father later said he had to force his son to return to the United States to complete his U.S. citizenship application, after Tsarnaev tried to convince his family to allow him to stay in Dagestan for good.[90]

Return to U.S.

Tsarnaev returned to the U.S. on July 17, 2012, having grown a long, thick beard[119][143][91][92] and wearing kohl around his eyes as a sign of his religious devotion to the sunnah of Islam and the example of Muhammed.[93] His life took on an "increasingly puritanical religious tone" with "Islamist certainty".[94] He appeared, to some family members, to have become an "extremist".[95]

After his return to the U.S., Tsarnaev created a YouTube channel with playlist links to two videos which were tagged under a category labeled "Terrorists", including one to Dagestani Islamic militant Amir Abu Dujana (Gadzhimurad Dolgatov, also known as 'Robin Hood', a commander of a small group in the Kizilyurt district, who was killed in battle in late December 2012); the videos were later deleted.[96][97][98][99] CNN and the SITE Institute found a screen grab of one of the videos, which featured members of the militant Islamist group Caucasus Emirate from the North Caucasus.[96] He also linked to jihadi videos on YouTube, including ones by radical cleric Feiz Mohammad; in one video, voices can be heard singing in Arabic as bombs explode.[29][100][101][102] He frequently read extremist sites, including Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's Inspire online magazine.[46]

Tsarnaev applied for U.S. citizenship on September 5, 2012, but Homeland Security held up the application for "additional review" because they found a record of the 2011 FBI interview of him.[103]

Tsarnaev and his wife were receiving state welfare benefits as late as November 2012, but not at the time of the Marathon Bombings in April 2013.[40] His wife's lawyer said that Tsarnaev was unemployed prior to the bombing[143] and had been helping take care of their daughter, while his wife worked over 70 hours a week as a home health care aide, to support her family.[29]

Tsarnaev was pulled over by police in Boston, Brookline, and Cambridge at least nine times in four years. The source does not state which years these were exactly.[104]

In November 2012, Tsarnaev reportedly confronted a shopkeeper at a Middle Eastern grocery store in Cambridge, near a mosque where he sometimes prayed, after seeing a sign there advertising Thanksgiving turkeys. He said "This is kuffar"—an Arabic reference to non-Muslims—"that's not right!". Also in November 2012, Tsarnaev stood up and challenged a sermon in which the speaker said that, just like "we all celebrate the birthday of the Prophet, we can also celebrate July 4 and Thanksgiving," according to Yusufi Vali, a mosque spokesman. Vali said Tsarnaev stated he "took offense to celebrating anything," be it the Prophet's birthday (which not all Muslims celebrate) or American holidays.[23] In January 2013, Tsarnaev again disrupted a Martin Luther King Jr. Day sermon at a mosque in Cambridge. He objected to the speaker's comparison of Muhammad to Martin Luther King Jr. Tsarnaev was shouted down by members of the congregation and was later asked not to return to the mosque unless he was willing to refrain from shouting during sermons. The mosque said Tsarnaev had disrupted a sermon previously.[105]

2013 Boston Marathon bombing, MIT killing, and carjacking

{{Main|Boston Marathon bombing}}

Tsarnaev along with his brother committed the Boston Marathon bombing on April 15, 2013, and after the bombing, both were involved in the murder of MIT police officer Sean Collier.[106][107] In the process of escaping, the brothers committed a carjacking on April 18, 2013. Dun "Danny" Meng, the carjacking victim was held hostage in his car until his escape at a gas station. His escape was a key moment in the manhunt for the bombers as it led police to the carjacked vehicle, the subsequent shootout in Watertown and the death of Tsarnaev. [108]

Death

In the early hours of April 19, 2013, in Watertown, a suburb of Boston, Tsarnaev was apprehended by police after being shot multiple times. The exact sequence of events remains clouded in confusion, as do key details. According to police, Tsarnaev's younger brother ran him over with an SUV and dragged him with the vehicle for {{convert|20|ft|m|0}}, which is substantiated by the federal indictment.[9] He was taken to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, where, despite efforts to revive him by emergency medical personnel, he was pronounced dead from several critical injuries, massive blood loss, and cardiac and respiratory arrest.[109][110] Emergency physicians said that he did not appear to have been run over.[111] An eyewitness says that he was struck by a police SUV before he was shot multiple times.[112]

Tsarnaev's parents continue to proclaim his innocence. His mother is quoted as saying, "America took my kids away from me. I'm sure my kids were not involved in anything."[113]

The imam of a prominent Boston mosque condemned the violence and distanced itself from the suspects, refusing to give Tsarnaev a Muslim burial.[114] His body was released to the funeral service hired by the family at 5:30 p.m. EDT May 2, 2013, by the Massachusetts Office of the Chief Medical Examiner.[115] His death certificate gives cause of death as gunshot wounds to the torso and extremities, as well as blunt trauma to the head and torso. It is confirmed that he was struck and dragged by a vehicle, in addition to being shot.[116]

Tsarnaev's body was moved to a funeral home in North Attleborough; after protesters picketed the building, it was handed over to Graham, Putnam, and Mahoney Funeral Parlor in Worcester.[117] Officials in Boston, Cambridge, at a state prison, and in over 120 other U.S. and Canadian locations refused to allow Tsarnaev's body to be buried in their jurisdictions.[118] On May 9, Worcester police announced that Tsarnaev's body had been buried in an undisclosed location.[119] It was later reported that Tsarnaev was buried in a small Muslim cemetery, Al-Barzakh Cemetery, in Doswell, Virginia.[120] The burial was set in motion by Martha Mullen of Richmond, Virginia, who said she was appalled by the protests at the funeral home, which she said "portrayed America at its worst" and wanted to find a way to end the impasse. She contacted Islamic Funeral Services of Virginia, which agreed to provide an unmarked plot in their cemetery. The funeral agency released a statement saying "What Tsarnaev did is between him and God. We strongly disagree with his violent actions, but that does not release us from our obligation to return his body to the earth."[121] Caroline County Sheriff Tony Lippa said the burial was legal.[122] Locals, as well as the imam of the Virginia Islamic Centre, condemned the secretive burial.[123]

On June 19, 2013, Tsarnaev's name was read aloud (in the context of a victim of gun violence) during a "No More Names" event held in Concord, New Hampshire. In response, Michael Bloomberg's Mayors Against Illegal Guns issued a statement explaining that they were using a list compiled by Slate, and apologized saying that his name was "a mistake" and should have been removed.[124]

Family members

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

{{main|Dzhokhar Tsarnaev}}

Ruslan Tsarni

Ruslan Tsarni is the paternal uncle of Tamerlan Tsarnaev, and the brother of Anzor Tsarnaev.[19] He was trained as a lawyer, and moved to Washington State in 1995. He returned to Kyrgyzstan by the end of the decade, and then returned to the United States, settling in Montgomery County, Maryland.[19]

During the manhunt for the brothers, he was interviewed by the FBI.[19] When the media arrived at his home, he denounced the actions of his nephews and called on them to turn themselves in.[19] He also buried the remains of Tsarnaev.[19]

Zubeidat Tsarnaeva

Zubeidat Tsarnaeva is the mother of Tsarnaev and his brother. In photos of her as a younger woman, she wore western-style clothing. After she arrived in the U.S. from Russia in 2002, she took classes at the Catherine Hinds Institute of Esthetics before becoming a state-licensed aesthetician and getting a job at a suburban day spa.[191] After deciding she could no longer work in a business that served men,[23] she started working from home, where clients saw her become more radical and promote 9/11 conspiracy theories.[193]

Tsarnaev's mother has been quoted as saying she urged him to embrace Islam in 2008 because she was concerned about his drinking, smoking, and pursuit of women. She said he began to read more about it on the Internet. She also urged him to quit boxing because Islam prohibits hitting someone in the face.[125] She also praised Russell, saying, "She is a serious, good, American girl who converted to Islam as if she had always been a Muslim. We all love her a lot."[125]

Tsarnaev's mother discussed jihad during a 2011 phone call with him that was taped by a Russian government agency, and intelligence officials also discovered text messages in which she discussed how Tsarnaev was ready to die for Islam.[60] His mother was also recorded suggesting that Tsarnaev go to Palestine.[197]

Both Tsarnaev and his mother were the subject of a Russian Intelligence inquiry to the U.S. government in 2011 because of what the Russians perceived as extremist Islamic views. She was interviewed by the FBI who found nothing to pursue at the time. In late 2011, the CIA put both Tsarnaev and his mother in its Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment database.[60][61][200]

Ruslan Tsarni told the AP from his home in Maryland that he believed his former sister-in-law had a "big-time influence" on Tsarnaev's growing embrace of his Muslim faith and decision to quit boxing and school.[191]

In early 2012, Zubeidat Tsarnaeva was arrested for shoplifting $1,624 worth of women's clothing from Lord and Taylor in Natick, Massachusetts. She left the U.S. for Russia and did not appear in court.[191][200] Anzor and Zubeidat Tsarnaev divorced in 2011 after twenty-five years of marriage. The couple had no personal property or real estate to divide and listed no retirement or pension benefits. They gave the reason for their split as "irretrievable breakdown of the marriage" with "no chance of reconciling our differences".[204] The mother's move toward more Islamic extremism was reportedly a factor in the breakdown of the marriage.[23] They may have reconciled in Dagestan.[206]

She has strongly expressed in TV interviews that her sons are innocent and that they were framed by the FBI.[207]

Katherine Russell

Tsarnaev's widow,[208] Katherine Russell (a.k.a. Karima Tsarnaeva or Katherine Tsarnaev[50]), was born on February 6, 1989, in Texas.[210][211] She was raised in Rhode Island; her father is an emergency room doctor and her mother is a nurse.[212] Their home has been described as nominally Christian[213] and Russell reportedly wasn't religious "at all" in high school.[214] She attended North Kingstown High School, and graduated in 2007 at the top of her class. Her yearbook entry lists her plans as college and the Peace Corps. She was remembered for her talent in painting and drawing.[208]

Tsarnaev and Russell met in 2007 in a nightclub, soon after she started as a communications major at Suffolk University.[208][212][213][219] They started dating on and off,[208] and at one point in 2009, Tsarnaev was living with another woman.[221] Tamerlan was known to cheat on Russell, and a friend of Russell's told her mother that the relationship was abusive.[214] Russell's mother did not like Tamerlan from the first time she met him.[214] At Tsarnaev's insistence, Russell converted to Islam in 2008, adopted the hijab, and chose the name Karima after her conversion.[125][214]

Russell dropped out of college in the Spring of 2010 after she became pregnant in her junior year, and the couple married on June 21, 2010, in a 15-minute ceremony in a Dorchester mosque.[219][227][228] According to the officiant, it was Russell who called and made the arrangements. Only two witnesses attended the wedding.

She moved into her husband's apartment in Cambridge[219] and gave birth to their daughter Zahara in late 2010.[50] At times, she worked as a home health aide. From September 2011 to November 2012, she and her husband had their income supplemented by public assistance and food stamps. When Tsarnaev was in Russia for six months, she and their daughter stayed in Cambridge.[219]

At the time of the bombings on April 15, 2013, Russell was living with her husband and daughter in the Norfolk Street family home in Cambridge.[232] The younger brother also officially lived there, but in practice stayed in a dorm at UMass Dartmouth.[208]

After her husband died, Russell retreated to her parents' home in Rhode Island.[50] Her parents released a statement saying "[o]ur daughter has lost her husband today, the father of her child. We cannot begin to comprehend how this horrible tragedy occurred. In the aftermath of the Patriot's Day horror, we know that we never really knew Tamerlan Tsarnaev. Our hearts are sickened by the knowledge of the horror he has inflicted."[235] She refused to take custody of her husband's remains and has reverted to using her maiden name.[214]

Investigators discovered magazine bomb-making instructions[237] on Russell's computer, though it is not clear who downloaded the files.[238] The FBI has interviewed Russell for "many, many hours,"[227] and collected DNA samples.[126] Her web history includes searches for "If your husband becomes a shahid, what are the rewards for you?" and "the rewards for the wife of Mujahedeen."[227]

Through her attorney, Amato DeLuca,[227] Russell insists that she was not aware of her husband's criminal activity,[50] her DNA and fingerprints did not match those on the bombs,[126] and no charges have been filed against her, although they could in the future.[127] Deluca has said that "there’s been no suggestion at all by the government that she’s going to be indicted."[227] {{As of|2015|06|12|df=US}}, she lived on "a quiet street" in New Jersey with her daughter.

Evidence presented in her brother-in-law Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's trial indicated that she lived in an apartment festooned with black flags of jihad, where her husband used a BB gun for target practice in their living room - and where their shared computer was filled with nasheeds to jihad and radical Islamic propaganda.

Nasheeds, or an Islamic song, often contain extremist views. Russell used Google to search for those chants, investigators said, with the term "nasheed jihad."

She, herself, searched for, 'rewards for wife of mujahideen,' and 'can women become nasheed' [rewards for the wife of a mujahideen - which in radical Islam is an honor bestowed upon a martyr] online before the bombs were detonated along the finish line in 2013.

'It is reasonable to suggest that if someone has clear and open bomb-making equipment in the apartment, as the Tsarnaev brothers did, it would appear that Katherine Russell did have knowledge of what her husband was planning but she was not charged.'

Russell is living in a taxpayer subsidized apartment in New Jersey not far from Tamerlan's sisters Bella and Ailina, multiple sources have said.

Russell's lawyer told reporters she was unhappy with her portrayal in the movie Patriots Day as cold-hearted and uncooperative.

But multiple investigators say that's exactly how Katherine Russell behaved in the aftermath of the attacks, and testimony in Dzhokhar's trial support that point of view.

Shortly after the blasts on April 15, 2013 Russell did exchange text messages with her girlfriend Gina Crawford that became part of her brother-in-law's defense: an argument to bolster their assertion that it was Tamerlan who led his younger brother into the jihad.

Crawford testified that she texted Russell about the bloodshed on Boylston Street and asked, 'Everyone you know okay?'

Russell's response was troubling, Crawford recalled on the stand.

'Yeah. As far as I know Tamerlan is at home in Cambridge,' she said.

Crawford responded: 'Okay, good.'

Russell replied, 'That's a long story,' before adding, 'Although a lot more people are killed every day in Syria and other places. Innocent people.'

'I thought that it was strange that she was bringing that up in this situation, but she was always very into politics, so I knew, I mean, she kept up with the world, what was going on in the world, so,' Crawford testified.

Crawford forgot about the conversation until four days later when Tamerlan was killed after a wild two day crime spree that started with the murder of MIT Police Officer Sean Collier, followed by the carjacking of a young businessman, that ended in a wild bomb and bullet battle in Watertown.

Tamerlan was shot nine times by Watertown police sergeant Jeffrey Pugliese and was then run over and dragged by the carjacked SUV as his brother fled the scene and hid for nearly 20 hours until he was captured hiding in a dry-docked boat, bleeding and barely alive.

Dzhokhar had written a similar message on the side of the boat as his sister-in-law had texted to her friend Gina Crawford: 'Stop killing our innocent people.'

After Tamerlan died, Crawford texted Russell for the last time, she testified. 'I said, I'm here for you if you need me, Katie. I love you. We don't have to say anything. I just want to hug you.'

Russell never responded.[128]

Investigators have also recovered a security video from Macy's department store in Boston's Downtown Crossing that shows Tamerlan Tsarnaev and an unidentified woman purchasing 'five kitchen appliances' on February 23, 2013.

A court filing mentioned a search warrant executed on the Tsarnaev's Norfolk Street apartment and noted that investigators were looking for 'clothing consistent with clothing worn by a man and a woman captured on a security video purchasing 5 kitchen appliances at a Macy's store.'

The FBI later testified that the Fagor pressure cookers were purchased at a different Macy's department store.

Russell, investigators said, was also among the Tsarnaev associates who were told by the FBI to stay away from the Boston Marathon in 2014 and 2015 and was under constant surveillance.

In the hours after her husband was pronounced dead by a Boston medical examiner on April 19, Russell was removed from the Norfolk Street apartment with her toddler, where she was grilled by investigators.

Without being charged, she temporarily went to live with her parents at their home in Kingston, Rhode Island, which has since been put up for sale. She lived with her sister-in-laws in New Jersey before moving into her new Section 8 vouchered apartment.

References

Footnotes

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2. ^1 {{lang-ru|link=no|Тамерла́н Анзо́рович Царна́ев}} {{IPA-ru|təmʲɪrˈɫan ɐnˈzorəvʲɪtɕ tsɐrˈnajɪf|}}; {{lang-ce|Царнаев Анзор-кIант Тамерлан}} {{lang|ce-Latn|Carnayev Anzor-khant Tamerlan}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/21/us/tamerlan-tsarnaev-timeline/index.html#em0 |title=Timeline: A look at Tamerlan Tsarnaev's past |date=April 22, 2013|publisher=CNN|accessdate=May 21, 2013}}
4. ^{{cite web |last=Obscura |first=Atlas |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2013/04/pronounce_boston_bomb_names_listen_to_recording_of_names_of_dzhokhar_tsarnaev.html |title=Pronounce Boston bomb names: Listen to recording of names of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Tamerlan Tsarnaev |publisher=Slate |accessdate=April 28, 2013}}
5. ^{{cite news|last=Abad-Santos|first=Alexander |date=April 13, 2013 |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/04/who-is-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-boston/64382/|title=Who Is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the Man at the Center of the Boston Manhunt?|newspaper=Atlantic Wire|accessdate= April 22, 2013}}
6. ^{{cite news|last=Kotz|first=Deborah|title=Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/2013/04/23/number-injured-marathon-bombing-revised-downward/NRpaz5mmvGquP7KMA6XsIK/story.html|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=April 24, 2013}}
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77. ^Article about the book, Maximum Harm, The Intelligencer, Summer 2017, page 110
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84. ^«Бостонский взрыватель» был давно заряжен – Расследования – Новая Газета {{ru icon}}
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92. ^{{cite news|last=Fox|first=Alison|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578434902549213938|title=Boston Bomb Suspect's Neighbor Describes Friendly Argument on Religion, Politics|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=April 21, 2013}}
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103. ^{{cite news|last=Preston|first=Julia|title=F.B.I. Interview Led Homeland Security to Hold Up Citizenship for One Brother|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/tamerlan-tsarnaevs-citizenship-held-up-by-homeland-security.html?_r=0|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 20, 2013}}
104. ^{{cite news|last=Curran|first=Kathy|url=http://www.wcvb.com/news/investigative/Marathon-Bombing-suspects-stopped-several-times-by-law-enforcement/-/12520878/19851436/-/rqu1a7/-/index.html#ixzz2RKyeDNML|title=Marathon Bombing suspects stopped several times by law enforcement|publisher=WCVB|date=April 15, 2013|accessdate=April 24, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422224334/http://www.wcvb.com/news/investigative/Marathon-Bombing-suspects-stopped-several-times-by-law-enforcement/-/12520878/19851436/-/rqu1a7/-/index.html#ixzz2RKyeDNML|archivedate=April 22, 2013|df=}}
105. ^Beth Daley and Martin Finucane. "Marathon bombing suspect disrupted Cambridge mosque on Martin Luther King Day", Boston Globe, April 21, 2013.
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107. ^{{cite web|author=The Lookout |url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/lookout/gunman-reportedly-shoots-police-officer-mit-boston-034906627.html |title=Gunman kills police officer at MIT in Boston | The Lookout - Yahoo News |publisher=News.yahoo.com |date=April 18, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2014}}
108. ^{{cite web|author=By Todd Feathers |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/25/middlesex-county-prosecutors-building-murder-case-against-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-officer-slaying/PKbh3IdCirTC3sAXb5fo1K/story.html |title=Middlesex County prosecutors building murder case against Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in officer’s slaying - Metro |publisher=The Boston Globe |date=April 25, 2013 |accessdate=July 4, 2013}}
109. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/2013/04/19/beth-israel-deaconess-medical-staff-tried-revive-suspect-killed-shoot-out/EklhnOS3cRiFmrWSBcje5O/story.html|title=Beth Israel Deaconess medical staff tried to revive suspect killed in shoot-out|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=April 19, 2013|accessdate=April 22, 2013}}
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112. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.wwl.com/pages/16093472.php?contentType=4&contentId=12840287|accessdate=April 19, 2013|title=Audio: Cops hit one bombing suspect with SUV|author=Miller, Chris|work=WWL First News|date=April 19, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016100201/http://www.wwl.com/pages/16093472.php?contentType=4&contentId=12840287|archivedate=October 16, 2013|df=}}
113. ^{{cite news|last=Mong|first=Adrienne|title='America took my kids away': Mother of Boston suspects insists sons not responsible|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/25/17912024-america-took-my-kids-away-mother-of-boston-suspects-insists-sons-not-responsible?lite|newspaper=NBC news|accessdate=May 1, 2013|date=April 25, 2013}}
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117. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22409920|title=Burial wrangle for Boston suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=May 6, 2013|date=May 4, 2013}}
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119. ^{{cite web|title=Police: Deceased Boston Marathon bombing suspect buried|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/national_world&id=9095648|publisher=WABC TV|accessdate=May 9, 2013}}
120. ^{{cite news|title=Boston Marathon bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev is buried in Muslim cemetery in Doswell, Va.|url=http://www.boston.com/metrodesk/2013/05/10/boston-marathon-bombing-suspect-tamerlan-tsarnaev-buried-doswell-virginia-according-two-sources/WJZCb0rTWtLFZTMzKzST4L/story.html|publisher=Boston Globe |first1=Wesley |last1=Lowery |first2=Matt |last2=Viser |date=May 10, 2013}}
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122. ^Sheriff: Tamerlan Tsarnaev's burial was handled properly, CNN, May 12, 2013
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150. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Milmo|first=Cahal|title=Boston Marathon bombing: Tamerlan Tsarnaev was a boxer. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was a wrestler|newspaper=The Independent|date=April 19, 2013|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/boston-marathon-bombing-tamerlan-tsarnaev-was-a-boxer-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-was-a-wrestler-both-were-terrorists-8580934.html|accessdate=April 21, 2013|location=London}}
151. ^1 Eagan, Margery. Eagan: An intimate look at Zubeidat Tsarnaeva, mother of suspected bombers." Boston Herald. April 23, 2013.
152. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-30/woman-who-left-her-world-for-tsarnaev-draws-fbi-attention.html |title=Woman Who Left Her World for Tsarnaev Draws FBI Attention |publisher=Bloomberg |date=April 30, 2013 |first1=Esmé E. |last1=Deprez |first2=Elise |last2=Young |accessdate=March 24, 2014 }}
153. ^1 {{cite news|last=Mong|first=Adrienne|title=Boston bombing suspects' father 'a good man,' neighbors in Dagestan say|url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/21/17847186-boston-bombing-suspects-father-a-good-man-neighbors-in-dagestan-say?lite|work=NBC News|accessdate=April 22, 2013}}
154. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/04/28/boston_marathon_bombings_suspects_mother_zubeidat_says_she_found_faith_not_terrorism.html|title=Boston Marathon bombings: Suspects' mother Zubeidat says she found faith, not terrorism|newspaper=The Star|date=April 28, 2013|accessdate=May 6, 2013|location=Toronto}}
155. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/boston-marathon-bombing-suspects-mom-family-dirt/story?id=19008550#.UYdfdrWkoXE |title=Boston Marathon Bombing Suspects' Mom: 'My Family Is in the Dirt'|newspaper=ABC News|date=April 20, 2013 |accessdate=May 9, 2013}}
156. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/hunt-for-boston-clues-reveals-tangled-caucasus-web/478981.html|title=Hunt for Boston Clues Reveals Tangled Caucasus Web|newspaper=The Moscow Times|accessdate=April 22, 2013}}
157. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Boy at Home in U.S., Swayed by One Who Wasn't|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/20/us/details-of-tsarnaev-brothers-boston-suspects-emerge.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 19, 2013|first1=Erica|last1=Goode|first2=Serge F.|last2=Kovaleski|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714182757/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/20/us/details-of-tsarnaev-brothers-boston-suspects-emerge.html?pagewanted=all|archivedate=July 14, 2013}}
158. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Michael|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2013/05/04/us/path-from-social-butterfly-to-suspects-widow-in-hijab.html?from=homepage|title=Path From 'Social Butterfly' to Boston Suspect's Widow|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 4, 2013|accessdate=May 9, 2013}}
159. ^{{cite news|last=Goode|first=Erica|title=Brothers Seen as Good Students and Avid Athletes|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 19, 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/20/us/details-of-tsarnaev-brothers-boston-suspects-emerge.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|accessdate=April 19, 2013}}
160. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/20/us/boston-marathon-bombings.html|title=One Boston Bombing Suspect Is Dead, Second at Large; Area on Lockdown|date =April 19, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Katharine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Michael|last2=Cooper}}
161. ^1 {{cite news|last=Estrin|first=Daniel|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bombers-mother-told-son-to-go-to-palestine|title=Bombers' mother told older son to go to 'Palestine'|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=April 28, 2013|accessdate=May 9, 2013}}
162. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/widow_of_slain_killer_returns_home_IaVD368gXRWb5wMPogI4LM |title=Katherine Russell, wife of slain Boston bombings suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev, returns home |newspaper=The NY Post |date=April 21, 2013 |accessdate=May 24, 2013 |first=Jennifer |last=Bain}}
163. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/jahars-world-20130717|title =Jahar's World: He was a charming kid with a bright future. But no one saw the pain he was hiding or the monster he would become|author =Janet Reitman|work=Rolling Stone|date=July 17, 2013}}
164. ^1 {{cite news|author=Sari Horwitz|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/investigators-sharpen-focus-on-boston-bombing-suspects-widow/2013/05/03/a2cd9d28-b413-11e2-baf7-5bc2a9dc6f44_story.html?hpid=z1|title=Investigators sharpen focus on wife of dead Boston bombing suspect|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=May 3, 2013|accessdate=May 9, 2013}}
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168. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/fbi-searches-landfill-near-boston-bombers-university/|title=Boston suspects' mother in terrorism database since 2011|newspaper=Times of Israel|date=April 27, 2013}}
169. ^1 "[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324235304578438393688092634?dsk=y The Tsarnaeva Family Tree]." The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on May 7, 2013.
170. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/boston-marathon-bombing-suspects-twisted-family-history/story?id=19012097#.UYefa7WkoXF |title=Boston Marathon Bombing Suspects' Twisted Family History|newspaper=ABC News|date=April 22, 2013 |accessdate=May 9, 2013}}
171. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last=Finn|first=Peter|title=Tamerlan Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev were refugees from brutal conflict|newspaper=Washington Post|date=April 19, 2013|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/details-emerge-on-suspected-boston-bombers/2013/04/19/ef2c2566-a8e4-11e2-a8e2-5b98cb59187f_story.html|accessdate=April 19, 2013}}
172. ^1 2 {{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/feature/wp/2013/04/27/the-tsarnaev-family-a-faded-portrait-of-an-immigrants-american-dream/ | work=The Washington Post | title=The Tsarnaev family: A faded portrait of an immigrant’s American dream}}
173. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|last=Hesse |first=Monica |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-05/lifestyle/39048050_1_russell-s-bike-path-bombs/3 |title=Katherine Russell: Boston bombing suspect widow's enigmatic life journey |newspaper=Washington Post |date=April 29, 2013 |accessdate=May 9, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509034243/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-05-05/lifestyle/39048050_1_russell-s-bike-path-bombs/3 |archivedate=May 9, 2013 |df= }}
174. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323809304578432501435232278|title=Life in America Unraveled for Brothers|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|first1=Alan |last1=Cullison |first2=Paul |last2=Sonne |first3=Jennifer |last3=Levitz |date=April 20, 2013}}
175. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324235304578437131250259170|title=Boston Marathon Bombings: Turn to Religion Split Bomb Suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's Home|last1=Cullison|first1=Alan|last2=Sonne|first2=Paul |last3=Troianovski|first3=Anton|last4=George-Cosh|first4=David|author5=14 contributors|date=April 22, 2013|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=April 22, 2013}}

Notes

{{Reflist|30em|refs=[129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175]
}}

Further reading

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095707/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324235304578438393688092634 Tsarnaev Family] (Wall Street Journal)

External links

{{Wikiquote}}{{Commons category|2013 Boston Marathon bombings}}
  • {{Find a Grave|108753622|Tamerlan Tsarnaev}}
{{Boston Athletic Association}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tsarnaev, Tamerlan}}

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