| 词条 | Thiruvarur | ||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Thiruvarur | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = Tiruvarur temple, tank, car.jpg | image_alt = Tank with chariot and temple tower in the background | image_caption = | nickname = | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India | coordinates = {{coord|10.773|N|79.637|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Tamil Nadu | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Thiruvarur | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = First Grade Municipality | governing_body = Tiruvarur Municipality | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 10.47 | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 3 | population_footnotes = [1] | population_total = 58301 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = Tamil | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = PIN | postal_code = 610xxx | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 914366 | registration_plate = TN:50 | website = | footnotes = }} Thiruvarur ({{IPA-ta|θɪrʊvɑːruːr}}) also spelt as Tiruvarur{{Ref|a|[a]}} is a town and municipality in Tiruvarur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Tiruvarur district and Tiruvarur taluk. The town was one of the five traditional capitals of the Chola empire, with one of the emperors of the dynasty, Kulothunga Chola I, having it as his capital.{{cn|date=November 2018}} The town is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Marathas and the British. The town is known for the Thyagaraja temple, and the annual chariot festival held in the month of April. The temple chariot of the Thyagaraja temple, weighing {{convert|300|tonne|lb}} and measuring {{convert|90|ft|m}} tall is the largest temple chariot in Tamil Nadu. Thiruvarur is the birthplace of Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri, popularly known as the Trinity of Carnatic music of the 18th century CE. Thiruvarur was a part of Thanjavur district till 1991 and Nagapattinam district until 1997; it became the headquarters of Tiruvarur district when it was carved out of Nagapattinam district in 1997. The Odambokki river passes through the centre of the town.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|p=5}} Thiruvarur covers an area of {{convert|10.47|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and had a population of 58,301 as of 2011.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|p=6}} It is administered by a first grade municipality. The town is a part of the Cauvery delta region and agriculture is the major occupation. Roadways are the major means of transportation with a total of {{convert|94.06|km|mi|abbr=on}} of district roads including three national highways passing through the town. EtymologyThe historic name of the town was Aaroor (Arur) and it finds mention in the 7th century saiva canonical work, Tevaram.{{sfn|Muthalam Thirumurai Translation|2012}} The term Thiru is added to all temple cities that are mostly revered by the verses of Tevaram, which is the case of Arur becoming Thiruvarur. Another name of Thiruvarur is Kamalaalayasetra, meaning the "holy place that is an abode of lotuses"; the town is also referred so due to the presence of the Kamalaalayam tank and the temple deity, Kamalambigai.{{sfn|Dhere|2011|p=53}} During the British Raj, the town was termed Tiruvalur,{{sfn|Hunter|1908|pp=225–229}} Tiruvaloor,{{sfn|Dodwell|1920|p=48}} and Thiruvalur.{{sfn|Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|1833|p=146}} As per the district and municipality websites, the district has the spelling "Tiruvarur", while the town has it as "Thiruvarur".{{sfn|MSME Development Institute|2012|p=1}}{{sfn|About the town|2011}} HistoryAs per folk legend, Thiruvarur is mentioned as the capital town of a legendary Chola king, Manu Needhi Cholan, who killed his own son to provide justice to a cow.{{sfn|The Hindu|16 July 2010}}{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| pp=369–374}} Thiruvarur was one of the five traditional capitals of the Chola empire{{sfn|Vasudevan|2003|pp=135–138}} and the history of town revolves around the Thyagarajaswamy temple.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=59-60}} Thiruvarur is mentioned in the saiva canonical work, Tevaram by Thirugnana Sambanthar, Tirunavukkarasar and Sundarar, the foremost Saivite saints of 7th–8th century CE and classified as Padal petra stalam.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=58}} Tirunavukkarasar mentions several traditions of the temple like Marghazhi Aathirai Vizha, Panguni Uttirai Perunaal and Veedhivitakanin Veedhi Panni. The granite structure of the temple was first constructed by Aditya Chola I (871–907 CE) in the 9th century CE and revamped during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I (985–1014 CE).{{sfn|Vasudevan|2003|pp=135–138}} The temple was upgraded and rebuilt with stone by Rajendra Chola I (1012–44 CE). The temple has inscriptions from both the emperors, later Cholas and Pandyas.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=167}} The temple is believed to be an inspiration for Rajaraja Chola to build the Brihadeeswarar Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=58}} Inscriptions from the temple indicate Thiruvarur as the capital of Kulothunga Chola I (1070–1120 CE), during which the town emerged a centre of saivism.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=215}} After the fall of Cholas during the reign of Rajendra Chola III in the 13th century CE, the town was caught under a power struggle between the Pandyas and Hoysalas.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=59-60}} The royal patronage continued and the town flourished as a cultural centre during the rule of the Nayaks, Vijayanagar kings and Marathas.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=375}} During the period of Marathas, the town became a temporary home to the Nataraja of Chidambaram temple.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=59-60}} The town was briefly captured by French troops led by Lally (1702–66 CE) in 1759 CE.{{sfn|Dodwell|1920|p=166}} The Thyagarajar temple was ransacked in a failed attempt to discover hidden treasure.{{sfn|Dodwell|1920|p=166}} During the attempt, six brahmins of the temple, suspected to be spies of the British, were killed in an encounter.{{sfn|Dodwell|1920|p=166}} The province and Tanjore were annexed by British after the failed attempt of the French to attack the King of Tanjore.{{sfn|Dodwell|1920|p=166}} After independence, Thiruvaur continued to be a part of the Thanjavur district and Nagapattinam district till 1991 and 1997 respectively.{{sfn|About the town|2011}} Thiruvarur was made the headquarters of Tiruvarur district when it was carved out of Nagapattinam district in 1997.{{sfn|About the town|2011}} GeographyThiruvarur is located at {{Coord|9.28|N|79.3|E}}.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=167}} The town is bounded by Sukumar river in the north, Valaiyar river in the south while the Odambokki river flows through the centre.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|p=5}} The town has an average elevation of {{convert|3|m|ft}} from the sea level.{{sfn|Citizen's charter of Thiruvarur Municipality|2011}} The municipality covers an area of {{convert|10.47|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|p=6}} Thiruvarur is situated at a distance of 300 km from Chennai, {{convert|24|km|abbr=on}} from Nagapattinam, {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} from Karaikal, {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} from Mayiladuthurai and {{convert|56|km|abbr=on}} from Thanjavur.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|p=6}} The town along with the district receives an annual rainfall of {{convert|1260|mm|in}}.{{sfn|V.|2008|p=3}} The town experiences tropical climate during summer; from March to May. The proximity to sea results in high humidity throughout the year and peaks 70% from August to May.{{sfn|V.|2008|p=3}} The town has a plain terrain of alluvial soil consisting of sand, silt and clay.{{sfn|V.|2008|p=4}} Vennar and Vettar, the tributaries of river Cauvery are the major water bodies around the town.{{sfn|V.|2008|p=1}} Surface water canals contribute 89% to irrigation, while the rest 11% is accounted by dug wells and tube wells.{{sfn|V.|2008|p=1}} Paddy is the major crop while the others being black gram, green gram, ground nut and gingely.{{sfn|Agricultural contigency plan|2008|p=4}} {{Weather box| location = Thiruvarur, India | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan high C = 28.4 | Feb high C = 29.4 | Mar high C = 31.3 | Apr high C = 33.3 | May high C = 36.1 | Jun high C = 36.8 | Jul high C = 35.9 | Aug high C = 35.1 | Sep high C = 33.9 | Oct high C = 31.7 | Nov high C = 29.7 | Dec high C = 28.6 | year high C = 32.5 | Jan low C = 22.5 | Feb low C = 23.3 | Mar low C = 24.7 | Apr low C = 26.9 | May low C = 27.5 | Jun low C = 27.1 | Jul low C = 26.4 | Aug low C = 26.0 | Sep low C = 25.6 | Oct low C = 25.1 | Nov low C = 24.1 | Dec low C = 23.0 | year low C = 25.2 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 29.9 | Feb precipitation mm = 16.4 | Mar precipitation mm = 20.1 | Apr precipitation mm = 23.1 | May precipitation mm = 41.9 | Jun precipitation mm = 49.3 | Jul precipitation mm = 63.1 | Aug precipitation mm = 79.7 | Sep precipitation mm = 96.5 | Oct precipitation mm = 249.2 | Nov precipitation mm = 419.5 | Dec precipitation mm = 285.3 | year precipitation mm = 1403.9 | source 1 = {{sfn|Climatology of Nagapattinam|2011}} | date = November 2012 }} Demographics{{Historical populations|align = right |1971|35858 |1981|43654 |1991|49194 |2001|56341 |2011|58301 | footnote = Sources:
}}{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|Hindu|Orange|84.38}}{{bar percent|Muslim|Green|14.13}}{{bar percent|Christian|purple|1.39}}{{bar percent|Sikh|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|Buddhist|Gold|0.01}}{{bar percent|Jain|Blue|0.02}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.05}}{{bar percent|No religion|violet|0.01}}}} During 1901, the population of the town stood at 15,436.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=167}} According to 2011 census, Thiruvarur had a population of 58,301 with a sex-ratio of 1,053 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.{{sfn|India population dashboard|2011}} A total of 5,779 were under the age of six, constituting 2,888 males and 2,891 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 32% and .66% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 82.%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.{{sfn|India population dashboard|2011}} The town had a total of 14997 households. There were a total of 18,953 workers, comprising 672 cultivators, 960 main agricultural labourers, 318 in house hold industries, 15,596 other workers, 1,407 marginal workers, 47 marginal cultivators, 261 marginal agricultural labourers, 52 marginal workers in household industries and 1,047 other marginal workers.{{sfn|Thiruvarur population|2011}} As per the religious census of 2011, Thiruvarur had 84.38% Hindus, 14.13% Muslims, 1.39% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.02% Jains, 0.05% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[2] The population growth rate was higher during the decade of 1981–90 due to increased provision of social, economic and recreational facilities that caused the rural population to migrate to urban areas.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|pp=7–10}} The overall growth rate had declined over the last two decades due to poor returns in agriculture and increased migration of agricultural labourers to other urban centres.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|pp=7–10}} The population density of the town is high in the centre and low in the peripheral regions.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|pp=7–10}} The town has 55% employed people; 12.7% are involved in primary occupations like agriculture, 2.8% in secondary occupations related to industries and 85% in teritiary occupations such as agricultural trading and tourism.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|pp=11–13}} About 33% population of the town is involved in agriculture and most of them are involved in trading activities.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|pp=11–13}} As per a survey conducted in 1997 by the Tamil Nadu Urban and Town Planning Department, 30 slums were identified in the town constituting 41% of the total population of the town.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|pp=7–10}} EconomyThiruvarur lies in the Kaveri River basin and the main occupation of the inhabitants of the town and surrounding regions is agriculture.{{sfn|Palanithurai|Ramesh|2008|p=102}} More than 70% of the workforce is involved in agriculture; 14% being cultivators and rest are agricultural labourers.{{sfn|MSME Development Institute|2012|p=1}} Paddy is cultivated in three seasons namely Kuruvai (June–August), Samba (August–January) and Thaladi (January–March).{{sfn|Palanithurai|Ramesh|2008|p=102}} The daily wages of the agricultural labourers is more than the rates fixed by the Tamil Nadu government, but due to the decline in number of days of work, the income levels are lower.{{sfn|Palanithurai|Ramesh|2008|pp=103–104}} As of 1998, the male labourers were employed 150 days a year, while the female labourers for 120 days.{{sfn|Palanithurai|Ramesh|2008|p=105}} A government report in 2006 put these numbers at 120 and 100 days respectively.{{sfn|Palanithurai|Ramesh|2008|p=105}} Due to the discontinuity in the working days, the labourers migrate to other states or countries. They also shift to other professions like construction industry in the urban centres and textile industry in the district.{{sfn|Palanithurai|Ramesh|2008|p=105}} There are no industrial estates in the town and the district – as of 2012, a government proposal is formulated to develop one at Vaippur village.{{sfn|MSME Development Institute|2012|p=6}} Modern agricultural tools like hullers have replaced labourers and reduce the profit margin of small trders and labourers.{{sfn|Palanithurai|Ramesh|2008|p=124}} There are no co-operative societies who acquire the farm products and the District Purchasing Centre, operated by the government of Tamil Nadu is the major procurer.{{sfn|Palanithurai|Ramesh|2008|p=125}} Being an agricultural town, the predominant industries are agriculture based like modern rice milling, palm oil refinery, poultry, live stock and coir based.{{sfn|Tiruvarur district industrial profile|2012}} Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation operating a modern rice mill and South India Edible Oil involved in refining oil are the large scale industries in the town.{{sfn|Tiruvarur district industrial profile|2012}} There are small service enterprises involved in automobile servicing, hotels, hospitals, boat repairing and nylon fishnet repairing.{{sfn|MSME Development Institute|2012|p=9}} There is a weekly market at Thanjai Salai and a daily market maintained by the municipality, where vegetables and fish are sold.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|p=30}} Nationalized banks such as State Bank of India, Indian Bank, Central Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Indian Overseas Bank and private banks like ICICI Bank, City Union Bank have their branches in Thiruvarur.{{sfn|Thiruvarur town Banks|2011}} Kumbakonam Co-operative Bank, Tiruvarur Co-operative Bank and Primary Agriculture Bank are the cooperative banks that have their branches in the town.{{sfn|Thiruvarur town Banks|2011}} All these banks have their Automated teller machines located in various parts of the town.{{sfn|Thiruvarur town Banks|2011}} TransportThiruvarur municipality accommodates 94.06 km of roads: 54.9 km of BT roads, 10.91 km of metal roads, 9.48 km of cement roads and 18.75 km of highways.{{sfn|Thiruvarur roads|2011}} Thiruvarur is connected by three national highways, NH 45A to Viluppuram, NH 67 to Coimbatore.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|p=6}} Thiruvarur is connected with Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Karaikal and other major towns of Tamil Nadu through the state highways SH 23 from Mayiladuthurai to Thiruthuraipoondi, SH 67 from Thanjavur to Kodikkarai, SH 65 from Thiruvarur to Kumbakonam, SH 66 from Kumbakonam to Adiramapattinam, SH 67 from Nagore to Nachiyar Koil, SH 146 from Mannargudi to Sethubavachatram, SH 147 Kumbakonam to Karaikkal, SH 151 Kilvelur to Kachanam.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|p=6}} The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates close to 175 daily services connecting various cities to Thiruvarur.{{sfn|The Hindu|13 July 2012}} Most of the buses via Thiruvarur are operated by the corporation ply between Trichy and Velankanni.{{sfn|The Hindu|13 July 2012}} The corporation operates a computerised reservation centre in the municipal bus stand of the town.{{sfn|SETC Computer reservation centres|2004}} It also operates 25 town buses satisfying the local transport needs of Thiruvarur and the neighbouring villages.{{sfn|The Hindu|13 July 2012}} The State Express Transport Corporation operates long distance buses connecting the town to Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram and Marthandam.{{sfn|The Hindu|13 July 2012}} Thiruvarur railway junction is a four way junction connecting Thanjavur in the west, Mayiladuthurai in the north, Nagapattinam in the east and Thiruthuraipoondi in the south.{{sfn|The Hindu|15 July 2010}} Gauge conversion between Mayiladuthurai and Thiruvarur was completed in August 2012 and the inaugural train ran from Bangalore to Nagore via Thiruvarur.{{sfn|The Hindu|2 July 2012}} There are passenger trains to Trichy, Thanjavur, Mayiladuthurai, Karaikal, Mannargudi and Thiruthuraipoondi.{{sfn|The Hindu|2 July 2012}} Gauge conversion between Thiruvarur and Karaikudi is in progress and there is only partial connectivity in the segment connecting Pattukottai, Thirthuraipoondi and Karaikudi. There is a daily express train to Chennai via Mayiladuthurai and Ernakulam. There are two trains from Mannargudi to Tirupathi and Velankanni to Goa, operated three times a week that pass through Thiruvarur.{{sfn|The Hindu|2 July 2012}} The nearest airport to Thiruvarur is Tiruchirapalli Airport located {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}} from the town.{{sfn|Thiruvarur transport|2011}} Education and utility servicesAs of 2001, Thiruvarur has a lower literacy rate compared to other part of the state.{{sfn|Thiruvarur Municipality features|2011}} There are three government high schools out of a total of 15 schools in the town.{{sfn|Thiruvarur schools|2011}} The Central University of Tamil Nadu, established by an act of parliament in 2009, provides collegiate education in the fields of arts and science.{{sfn|Central University of Tamil Nadu|2009}} There are five other arts and science colleges, one teacher training institute, three polytechnic colleges and two Industrial training institutes (ITI) in the town.{{sfn|Thiruvarur schools|2011}} Electricity supply to Thiruvarur is regulated and distributed by the Thiruvarur circle of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB).{{sfn|TNEB region details|2011}} Water supply is provided by the Thiruvarur Municipality from Odambokki river; the distribution through water tanks located at Madapuram, Thendral Nagar, Kidarakondan, Kattapomman street, Mettupalayam, IP Koil street, Maruthapttinam and Weekly Shandy having a total capacity of {{convert|4260|kl|USgal|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Thiruvarur water supply|2011}} About {{convert|18|MT|lb|abbr=on}} of solid waste is collected from the town everyday; 56% domestic wastes and 40% commercial wastes.{{sfn|Waste management programme|2011}} Thiruvarur municipality is implementing underground drainage and the current sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences.{{sfn|Thiruvarur sewarage|2011}} Roadside drains carry untreated sewage out of the town to let out raw into the sea or accumulates in low-lying area.{{sfn|Thiruvarur sewarage|2011}} Thiruvarur comes under the Thiruvarur Telecom circle of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service.{{sfn|BSNL|2011}} There are three government hospitals in the town; the largest of them is the District Headquarters Government Hospital.{{sfn|Thiruvarur hospitals|2011}} There are 11 private hospitals and numerous medical shops catering to the healthcare need of the town.{{sfn|Thiruvarur hospitals|2011}} Collector: Thiru L.Nirmal Raj I.A.S won the first position for the excellent work done in removal of silt in water bodies and best Performance in implementing the Prime Minister’s Fasal Bhima Yojana and had received the awards from the Hon’ble Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu during the Collector’s and Police Officer’s Conference held from 5 to 7 March 2018. Municipal administration and politics
Until 1860, Thiruvarur was the headquarters of a taluka of the same name.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=167}} It was declared a third grade municipality in 1914 during the rule of British.{{sfn|About the town|2011}} It was promoted to a first grade municipality in 1978.{{sfn|Thiruvarur Municipality features|2011}} The municipality has 30 wards and there is an elected councilor for each of those wards.{{sfn|Citizen's charter of Thiruvarur Municipality|2011}} The municipality has seven revenue villages: Vilamal, Vijayaruram, Thiruvarur south, Thiruvarur North, Keelakavadhukudi, Ramage, Sundaravilakam and Kidaramkondan.{{sfn|About the town|2011}} The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, engineering, revenue, health, town planning and information technology (IT).{{sfn|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2006}} All these departments are under the control of a municipal commissioner who is the executive head.{{sfn|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2006}} The legislative powers are vested in a body of 30 members, one each from the 30 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.{{sfn|Economic and political weekly|1995}} Tiruvarur district was created in January 1997 and Tiruvarur town became the district headquarters.{{sfn|About the town|2011}} Thiruvarur comes under the Thiruvarur assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.{{sfn|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}} Till 2006, the constituency was reserved for SC (Scheduled Caste) candidates. From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won by DMK for five times during 1977, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011 elections and Communist Party of India for four times during 1980, 1984, 1989 and 1991 elections.{{sfn|Partywise Comparison Since 1977|2011}} The current MLA of the constituency is Muthuvel Karunanidhi, ex-chief minister and the leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).{{sfn|MLA of Thiruvarur|2011}} Thiruvarur is a part of the Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency) – it has the following six assembly constituencies – Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Thiruthuraipoondi, Vedaranyam, Kilvelur (SC) and Nannilam.{{sfn|The Hindu|31 March 2009}} The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Dr.K.Gopal from the AIADMK.{{sfn|MP of Nagapattinam|2014}} From 1957, the Nagapattinam parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for four times during 1957–1961,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha}} 1962–67,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha}} 1967–71{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha}} and 1991–96.{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha}} CPI won the seat for 5 times during 1971–77,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha}} 1977–80,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha}} 1989–91,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha}} 1996–98{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha}} and 1998 elections.{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha}} DMK won 4 times during 1980–84,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha}} 1999–2004,{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha}} 2004–09{{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha}} and 2009-2014 elections. AIADMK won the seat two times during 1984–89 & 2014 - {{sfn|Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India}} Law and order in the town in maintained by the Thiruvarur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent.{{sfn|Thiruvarur district police|2011}} There are three police stations in the town, one of them being an all-women police station.{{sfn|Thiruvarur police|2011}} There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.{{sfn|Thiruvarur district police|2011}} CultureThe Thyagaraja templeThe ancient Thyagaraja Temple at Thiruvarur is dedicated to the Somaskanda aspect of Shiva. Thygaraja is the iconic form of Somaskanda and is believed to have spread widely from the 10th century CE, the period coinciding the reign of Raja Raja Chola.{{sfn|Ghose| 1998| p= 24}} The temple complex spanning over an area of {{convert|20|acres|sqm}} has shrines dedicated to Vanmikanathar, Thyagaraja, Kamalaamba and numerous other deities.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| pp=369–374}} Vanmikinathar is believed to have arisen from an anthill and from the trumpet flower, Bignonia Chelenoides.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|pp=369–374}}{{sfn|Kersenboom-Story|1998|p=17}} The Kamalalayam temple tank covers around {{convert|33|acre|m2}}, making it one of the largest in the country. The temple chariot is the largest of its kind in Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Tourism|2011}} Thyagaraja is believed to have performed 364 miracles in Thiruvarur similar to the 64 performed at Madurai Meenakshi Temple.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=375}} Pilgrims take a holy dip in the tank during Hindu auspicious occasions like equinox and eclipse.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=7}} The temple is also classified as Saptha Vidangam, meaning the seven temples having unique dance moves by Thyagaraja.{{sfn|The Hindu|16 July 2010}} The Chola inscriptions refer Thyagaraja as Vidhividangar and the name "Thyagaraja" is believed to have emerged during the 15–16th century CE.{{sfn|Vasudevan|2003|pp=135–138}} {{Historical populations| title = Number of tourists |align = right | percentages = off |2001|260750 |2002|275900 |2003|301100 |2004|321400 | footnote = Sources:
}} Music, dance and literatureHistorically Thiruvarur has been a centre of eminent people in religion, arts and science. Sundarar, an 8th-century Saivite saint, mentions "I am the slave of all those born in Thiruvarur" in his works in Tevaram.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=59-60}} Two of the 63 nayanmars of Saivite tradition namely, Kalarsinga Nayanar and Tandiyadigal Nayanar were born in Thiruvarur.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| pp=369–374}} The Periyapuranam, a 12th-century Saiva canonical by Sekkizhar, dedicates a chapter to those born in Thiruvarur including these two saints.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=59-60}} The town was a traditional centre of music and dance – the inscriptions from Rajaraja Chola associates a large body of dancers associated with the temple.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=59-60}} Thiruvarur is home to Trinity of Carnatic music namely Thyagaraja (1767–1847 CE), Muthuswami Dikshitar (1775–1835 CE) and Shyama Shastri (1762–1827 CE).{{sfn|Kumar|2003|pp=216–219}} Muthuswami Dikshitar has sung eulogies of the temple deities of the Thyagarajaswami temple.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=59-60}} There was large influx of the acumen of South Indian culture to the town during the 17th century CE due to the political unrest in Thanjavur and increased patronage of the Maratha kings to Thiruvarur, resulting in developments in music and dance.{{sfn|Kersenboom-Story|1998|p=41}} A unique musical instrument called Panchamuga Vadyam with each of its five ends ornamented differently is used in the temple. A type of nadaswaram (pipe instrument) called Barinayanam is also a unique instrument found only in Thiruvarur. Chariot festivalKulothunga Chola II (1133–50 CE) enlarged the temple ritual to have fifty six festivals, some of which are followed in modern times.{{sfn|Ghose|1998|p=331}}{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|p=375}} The annual chariot festival of the Thygarajaswamy temple is celebrated during April – May, correspondong to the Tamil month of Chitrai.{{sfn|The Hindu|16 July 2010}} The chariot is the largest of its kind in Tamil Nadu and also No.1 Place of Biggest Chariot in the World weighing 300 tonne with a height of 90 feet.{{sfn|The Hindu|16 July 2010}} The chariot comes around the four main streets surrounding the temple during the festival.{{sfn|The Hindu|16 July 2010}} The event is attended by lakhs of people from all over Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|The Hindu|16 July 2010}} The chariot festival is followed by the "Theppam", meaning float festival. The Carnatic music festival celebrated every year also garners large audience.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|pp=35–36}} The town has 10 parks, with the Somasundaram Park at Panagal Road and Municipal Park at Thendral Nagar being the most prominent of them.{{sfn|Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|2008|pp=35–36}} Islamic InfluenceThiruvarur and adjoining places has sizable Islamic population, due to the Sufi influence during past several centuries. Thiruvarur houses several mosques and Sufi shrines. Many Dargahs such as Hass Bawa Dargah could be located in Kodikkalpalayam, a locality in Thiruvarur. Almost every locality in Tiruvarur and its surrounding towns and villages have a Sufi tomb with historic significance. These Dargah emphasizes religious tolerance and are visited by people of all faith. A rice dish made with jaggery and coconuts called "Pachoru" is distributed to all localites during the Dargah festival every lunar year. See also
NotesFootnotes
Citations1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=695260|title=Census India 2011|publisher=Government of India|access-date=5 March 2016}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|accessdate=13 September 2015}} References{{refbegin|30em}}
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm | title = List of Assembly Constituencies | year = 2010 | accessdate = 30 June 2012 | work = Tamil Nadu | publisher = Tamil Nadu state government | ref = {{sfnRef|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}} }}
External links{{Commons category}}
1 : Cities and towns in Tiruvarur district |
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