“Taxonomy of invertebrates (Brusca & Brusca, 2003)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Taxonomy of invertebrates (Brusca & Brusca, 2003)

释义

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)
Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa) Parazoa Phylum Porifera Mesozoa Phylum Placozoa Phylum Monoblastozoa Phylum Rhombozoa Phylum Orthonectida Eumetazoa Radiata Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Ctenophora Bilateria Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Nemertea Phylum Rotifera Phylum Gastrotricha Phylum Kinorhyncha Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata) Phylum Nematomorpha Phylum Priapula Phylum Acanthocephala Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa) Phylum Gnathostomulida Phylum Loricifera Phylum Cycliophora Phylum Annelida Phylum Sipuncula Phylum Echiura Phylum Onychophora Phylum Tardigrada Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Mollusca Phylum Phoronida Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa) Phylum Brachiopoda Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chaetognatha Phylum Hemichordata Phylum Chordata
References

The taxonomy of invertebrates as proposed by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J. Brusca in 2003 is a system of classification with emphasis on the invertebrates, in other words, a way to classify animals, primarily those which have no backbone.^[1]

Prokaryotes

Kingdom Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Kingdom Archaea (Archaebacteria)

Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)

Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae (= Metaphyta)
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Euglenida
Phylum Kinetoplastida
Alveolata phyla
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Dinoflagellata
Phylum Stramenopila
Phylum Rhizopoda
Phylum Actinopoda
Phylum Granuloreticulosa
Phylum Diplomonadida
Phylum Parabasilida
Phylum Cryptomonada
Phylum Microspora
Phylum Ascetospora
Phylum Choanoflagellata
Phylum Chlorophyta
Phylum Opalinida
Incertae sedis: Genus Stephanopogon

Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)

Parazoa

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Porifera
Class Calcarea
Subclass Calcinea
Subclass Calcaronea
Class Hexactinellida
Subclass Amphidiscophora
Subclass Hexasterophora
Class Demospongiae
Subclass Homoscleromorpha
Subclass Tetractinomorpha
Subclass Ceractinomorpha

Mesozoa

Phylum Placozoa

Phylum Placozoa
Trichoplax adhaerens

Phylum Monoblastozoa

Phylum Monoblastozoa
Salinella

Phylum Rhombozoa

Phylum Rhombozoa
Order Dicyemida
Order Heterocyemida

Phylum Orthonectida

Phylum Orthonectida

Eumetazoa

Radiata

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Order Hydroida

*Suborder Anthomedusae (= Gymnoblastea or Athecata)

*Suborder Leptomedusae (= Calyptoblastea or Thecata)

Order Trachylina
Order Siphonophora
Order Chondrophora
Order Actinulida
Class Anthozoa
Subclass Octocorallia (= Alcyonaria)
Order Alcyonacea
Order Gastraxonacea
Order Gorgonacea
Order Helioporacea
Order Pennatulacea
Order Protoalcyonaria
Order Stolonifera
Order Telestacea
Subclass Hexacorallia (= Zoantharia)
Order Actiniaria
Order Scleractinia (= Madreporaria)
Order Zoanthidea
Order Corallimorpharia
Subclass Ceriantipatharia
Order Antipatharia
Order Ceriantharia
Class Cubozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Order Stauromedusae
Order Coronatae
Order Semaeostomae
Order Rhizostomae

Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum Ctenophora
Order Beroida
Order Cestida
Order Cydippida
Order Ganeshida
Order Lobata
Order Platyctenida
Order Thalassocalycida

Bilateria

The authors divide the bilaterians in three informal groups:

acoelomates (phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora)
blastocoelomate (or pseducoelomate, phyla Rotifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Loricifera)
coelomates (or eucoelomates, phyla Nemertea, Priapula, Annelida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Chordata).

Several groups traditionally viewed as having a blastocoelomate condition are viewed here as acoelomates (e.g., Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida).

Some of the coelomates groups (e.g., Arthropoda, Mollusca) have greatly reduced celomic spaces; often the main body cavity is a bloodfilled space called a hemocoel, and is associated with an open circulatory system.

The Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta and Phoronida are viewed as lophophorates.

In a phylogeny,^[2] the bilaterians are divided in:

Protostomia
Cycloneuralia
Loricifera
Kinorhyncha
Priapula
Nematomorpha
Nemata
Gastrotricha
Acanthocephala
Rotifera
Cycliophora
Entoprocta
Gnathostomulida
Articulata
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Onychophora
Annelida
Echiura
Mollusca
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Platyhelminthes
Deuterostomia
Chordata
Vertebrata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Hemichordata
Pterobranchia
Enteropneusta
Echinodermata
Chaetognatha
Brachiopoda
Ectoprocta
Phoronida

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Order Acoela
Order Catenulida
Order Haplopharyngida
Order Lecithoepitheliata
Order Macrostomida
Order Nemertodermatida
Order Polycladida
Order Prolecithophora
Order Proplicastomata
Order Proseriata
Order Rhabdocoela

*Suborder Dalyellioida

*Suborder Thyphloplanoida

*Suborder Kalyptorhynchia

*Suborder Temnocephalida

Order Tricladida
Class Monogenea
Subclass Monopisthocotylea
Subclass Polyopisthocotylea
Class Trematoda
Subclass Digenea
Subclass Aspidogastrea
Class Cestoda
Subclass Cestodaria
Subclass Eucestoda

Phylum Nemertea

Phylum Nemertea
Class Anopla
Class Enopla

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum Rotifera
Class Digonata
Order Seisonidea
Order Bdelloidea
Class Monogononta

Phylum Gastrotricha

Phylum Gastrotricha
Order Macrodasyida
Order Chaetonotida
Suborder Multitubulatina
Suborder Paucitubulatina

Phylum Kinorhyncha

Phylum Kinorhyncha
Order Cyclorhagida
Order Homalorhagida

Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)

Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)
Class Adenophorea (= Aphasmida)
Subclass Enoplia
Subclass Chromadoria
Class Secernentea (= Phasmida)
Subclass Rhabditia
Subclass Spiruria
Subclass Diplogasteria

Phylum Nematomorpha

Phylum Nematomorpha
Order Nectonematoidea
Order Gordioidea

Phylum Priapula

Phylum Priapula
Family Priapulidae
Family Tubiluchidae
Family Maccabeidae (= Chaetostephanidae)

Phylum Acanthocephala

Phylum Acanthocephala
Class Palaeacanthocephala
Class Archiacanthocephala
Class Eoacanthocephala

Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)

Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)
Family Loxosomatidae
Family Loxokalypodidae
Family Pedicellinidae
Family Barentsiidae

Phylum Gnathostomulida

Phylum Gnathostomulida
Order Filospermoidea
Order Bursovaginoidea

Phylum Loricifera

Phylum Loricifera
Order Nanaloricida
Family Nanaloricidae
Family Pliciloricidae

Phylum Cycliophora

Phylum Cycliophora
Symbion pandora

Phylum Annelida

Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta, with 25 orders and 87 families (not all are listed)
Order Capitellida
Order Chaetopterida
Order Cirratulida
Order Eunicida
Order Myzostomida
Order Opheliida
Order Spionida
Order Orbiniida
Order Oweniida
Order Phyllodocida
Order Sabellida
Order Terebellida
Class Clitellata
Subclass Oligochaeta
Order Lumbriculida

*Family Lumbriculidae

Order Moniligastrida

*Family Moniligastridae

Order Haplotaxida, with 25 families (not all are listed)

*Family Almidae

*Family Megascolecidae

*Family Tubificidae

*Family Naididae

*Family Lumbricidae

Subclass Hirudinoidea
Order Acanthobdellida
Order Branchiobdellida
Order Hirudinida

Phylum Sipuncula

Phylum Sipuncula
Class Phascolosomida
Order Aspidosiphoniformes
Order Phascolosomiformes
Class Sipunculida
Order Golfingiaformes
Family Themistidae
Family Phascolionidae
Family Golfingiidae
Order Sipunculiformes

Phylum Echiura

Phylum Echiura
Order Echiuroinea
Order Xenopneusta
Order Heteromyota

Phylum Onychophora

Phylum Onychophora
Family Peripatidae
Family Peripatopsidae

Phylum Tardigrada

Phylum Tardigrada
Order Heterotardigrada
Order Mesotardigrada
Order Eutardigrada

Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Crustacea
Class Remipedia
Class Cephalocarida
Class Branchiopoda

* Order Anostraca

* Order Notostraca

* Order Diplostraca

* Suborder Laevicaudata

* Suborder Spinicaudata

* Suborder Cyclestherida

* Suborder Cladocera

Class Malacostraca
Subclass Phyllocarida

* Order Lepstostraca

Subclass Eumalacostraca

* Superorder Hoplocarida

* Order Stomatopoda

* Superorder Syncarida

* Order Bathynellacea

* Order Anaspidacea

* Superorder Eucarida

* Order Euphausiacea

* Order Amphionidacea

* Order Decapoda

* Suborder Dendrobranchiata

* Suborder Pleocyemata

* Infraorder Caridea

* Infraorder Stenopodidea

* Infraorder Brachyura

* Infraorder Anomura

* Infraorder Astacidea

* Infraorder Palinura

* Infraorder Thalassinidea

* Superorder Peracarida

* Order Mysida

* Order Lophogastrida

* Order Cumacea

* Order Tanaidacea

* Order Mictacea

* Order Spelaeogriphacea

* Order Thermosbaenacea

* Order Isopoda

* Suborder Anthuridea

* Suborder Asellota

* Suborder Calabozoidea

* Suborder Epicaridea

* Suborder Flabellifera

* Suborder Gnathiidea

* Suborder Oniscidea

* Suborder Phreatoicidea

* Suborder Valvifera

* Order Amphipoda

* Suborder Gammaridea

* Suborder Hyperiidea

* Suborder Caprellidea

* Suborder Ingolfiellidea

Class Maxillopoda
Subclass Thecostraca

* Infraclass Facetotecta

* Infraclass Ascothoracida

* Infraclass Cirripedia

* Superorder Acrothoracica

* Superorder Rhizocephala

* Superorder Thoracica

Subclass Tantulocarida
Subclass Branchiura
Subclass Pentastomida
Subclass Mystacocarida
Subclass Copepoda

* Infraclass Progymnoplea

* Order Platycopioida

* Infraclass Neocopepoda

* Order Calanoida

* Order Cyclopoida

* Order Gelyelloida

* Order Harpacticoida

* Order Misophrioida

* Order Monstrilloida

* Order Mormonilloida

* Order Poecilostomatoida

* Order Siphonostomatoida

Subclass Ostracoda

* Superorder Myodocopa

* Order Myodocopida

* Order Halocyprida

* Superorder Podocopa

* Order Podocopida

* Order Platycopida

* Order Palaeocopida

Subphylum Hexapoda
Class Entognatha

* Order Collembola

* Order Protura

* Order Diplura

Class Insecta
Subclass Archaeognatha

* Order Archaeognatha (= Microcoryphia)

Subclass Zygentoma

* Order Thysanura

Subclass Pterygota

* Infraclass Palaeoptera

* Order Ephemeroptera

* Order Odonata

* Infraclass Neoptera

* Order Plecoptera

* Order Blattodea

* Order Isoptera

* Order Mantodea

* Order Phasmida (= Phasmatoptera)

* Order Grylloblattodea

* Order Dermaptera

* Order Orthoptera

* Order Mantophasmatodea

* Order Embioptera

* Order Zoraptera

* Order Psocoptera

* Order Phthiraptera

* Order Thysanoptera

* Order Hemiptera

* Order Strepsiptera

* Order Megaloptera

* Order Raphidioptera

* Order Neuroptera

* Order Coleoptera

* Order Mecoptera

* Order Siphonaptera

* Order Diptera

* Order Trichoptera

* Order Lepidoptera

* Order Hymenoptera

Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Diplopoda
Subclass Penicillata

* Order Polyxenida

Subclass Chilognatha

* Order Callipodida

* Order Chordeumatida

* Order Glomerida

* Order Glomeridesmida

* Order Julida

* Order Platydesmida

* Order Polydesmida

* Order Polyzoniida

* Order Siphonophorida

* Order Siphoniulida

* Order Sphaerotheriida

* Order Spirobolida

* Order Spirostreptida

* Order Stemmiulida

Class Chilopoda
Subclass Notostigmophora

* Order Scutigeromorpha

Subclass Pleurostigmophora

* Order Craterostigmomorpha

* Order Geophilomorpha

* Order Lithobiomorpha

* Order Scolopendromorpha

Class Pauropoda
Class Symphyla
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
Class Pycnogonida
Class Chelicerata
Subclass Merostomata

* Order Eurypterida

* Order Xiphosura

Subclass Arachnida

* Order Acari

* Suborder Opiloacarifomes

* Suborder Parasitiformes

* Suborder Acariformes

* Order Amblypygi

* Order Araneae

* Suborder Mesothelae

* Suborder Opisthothelae

* Superfamily Mygalomorpha

* Family Ctenizidae

* Family Atypicae

* Family Theraphosidae

* Family Dipluridae

* Superfamily Araneomorphae

* Family Loxoscelidae

* Family Theridiidae

* Family Uloboridae

* Family Araneidae

* Family Tetragnathidae

* Family Clubionidae

* Family Linyphiidae

* Family Agelenidae

* Family Argyronetidae

* Family Lycosidae

* Family Pisauridae

* Family Oxyopidae

* Family Thomisidae

* Family Heteropodidae

* Family Salticidae

* Family Dinopidae

* Family Scytodidae

* Order Opiliones

* Order Palpigradi

* Order Pseudoscorpionida

* Order Ricinulei

* Order Schizomida

* Order Scorpiones

* Order Solpugida

* Order Uropygi

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Mollusca
Class Aplacophora
Subclass Chaetodermomorpha (= Caudofoveata)
Subclass Neomeniomorpha (= Solenogastres)
Class Monoplacophora
Class Polyplacophora

* Order Lepidopleurida

* Order Ischnochitonida

* Order Acanthochitonida

Class Gastropoda
Subclass Prosobranchia

* Order Archaeogastropoda

* Order Mesogastropoda

* Order Neogastropoda

Subclass Opisthobranchia

* Order Acochlidioidea

* Order Cephalaspidea

* Order Runcinoidea

* Order Sacoglossa

* Order Anaspidea

* Order Thecosomata

* Order Gymnosomata

* Order Notaspidea

* Order Nudibranchia

Subclass Pulmonata

* Order Archaeopulmonata

* Order Basommatophora

* Order Stylommatophora

* Order Systellommatophora

Class Bivalvia (=Pelecypoda, or Lamellibranchiata)
Subclass Protobranchia

* Order Nuculida (= Palaeotaxodonta)

* Order Solemyida (= Cryptodonta)

Subclass Lamellibranchia
Superorder Filibranchia (= Pteriomorpha)
Superorder Eulamellibranchia (= Heterodonta)

* Order Palaeoheterodonta

* Order Veneroida

* Order Myoida

Subclass Anomalodesmata
Class Scaphopoda
Class Cephalopoda (= Siphonopoda)
Subclass Nautiloidea (= Tetrabranchiata)
Subclass Coleoidea (= Dibranchiata)

* Order Sepioida

* Order Teuthoida (= Decapoda)

* Order Octopoda

* Order Vampyromorpha

Phylum Phoronida

Phylum Phoronida

Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)

Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)
Class Phylactolaemata
Class Stenolaemata
Class Gymnolaemata
Order Ctenostomata
Order Cheilostomata

Phylum Brachiopoda

Phylum Brachiopoda
Class Inarticulata
Class Articulata

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Echinodermata
Class Crinoidea
Class Asteroidea

*Order Platysterida

*Order Paxillosida

*Order Valvatida

*Order Spinulosida

*Order Forcipulatida

”Sea daisies” (previously the class Concentricycloidea, but assigned by many authorities to the Spinulosida)
Class Ophiuroidea

*Order Oegophiurida

*Order Phrynophiurida

*Order Ophiurida

Class Echinoidea
Subclass Cidaroidea
Subclass Euechinoidea
Infraclass Echinothurioidea
Infraclass Acroechinoidea

*Cohort Diadematacea

*Cohort Echinacea

*Cohort Irregularia

Class Holothuroidea
Subclass Dendrochirotacea

*Order Dactylochirotida

*Order Dendrochirotida

Subclass Aspidochirotacea

*Order Aspidochirotida

*Order Elasipodida

Subclass Apodacea

*Order Molpadida

*Order Apodida

Phylum Chaetognatha

Phylum Chaetognatha
Order Phragmophora
Order Aphragmophora

Phylum Hemichordata

Phylum Hemichordata
Class Enteropneusta
Class Pterobranchia
Class Planctosphaeroidea

Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata (= Tunicata)
Class Ascidiacea
Class Thaliacea
Class Appendicularia (= Larvacea)
Class Sorberacea
Subphylum Cephalochordata (= Acrania)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Myxini
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Class Chondrichthyes
Class Osteichthyes
Class Amphibia
Class Reptiliomorpha (= Sauropsida)
Class Mammalia

References

1. ^Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. {{ISBN|978-0-87893-097-5}}.
2. ^Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003), p. 875.

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2 : Systems of animal taxonomy|Invertebrates

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