| 词条 | Taíno language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Taíno | states = Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos, Leeward Islands | ethnicity = Taíno, Ciboney, Lucayan, Yamaye | extinct = 16th century | ref = [1] | familycolor = American | fam1 = Arawakan | fam2 = Northern | fam3 = Ta-Arawakan | iso3 = tnq | glotto = tain1254 | glottorefname = Taíno | dia1 = Classic Taíno | dia2 = Ciboney | map = Languages_of_the_Caribbean.png | mapcaption = Taíno dialects, among other Pre-Columbian languages of the Antilles{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}{{legend|#B5E61D|Ciboney Taíno}}{{col-break}}{{legend|#22B14C|Classic Taíno}}{{col-end}} | revived = 2018 | speakers = 30 (?) L2 Speakers Possibly 1 Native Speaker }} Taíno is a poorly-attested Arawakan language that was spoken by the Taíno people of the Caribbean. At the time of Spanish contact, it was the principal language throughout the Caribbean. Classic Taíno (Taíno proper) was the native language of the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and most of Hispaniola, and it was expanding into Cuba. Ciboney is essentially unattested, but colonial sources suggest that it was a similar language to the Taíno language and was spoken in westernmost Hispaniola, the Bahamas, Jamaica, and most of Cuba. By the late 15th century, Taíno had displaced earlier languages except in western Cuba and pockets in Hispaniola. As the Taíno culture declined during Spanish colonization, the language was replaced by Spanish and other European languages. It is believed to have been extinct within 100 years of contact[1] but possibly continued to be spoken in isolated pockets in the Caribbean until the late 19th century.[2] As the first indigenous language encountered by Europeans in the New World, it was a major source of new words borrowed into European languages. DialectsGranberry & Vescelius (2004) distinguish two dialects, one on Hispaniola and further east, and the other on Hispaniola and further west.
Columbus says that from Bahama to Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, the same language was spoken in various slight dialects, but understood by all.[3] PhonologyThe Taíno language was not written. The Taínos used petroglyphs,[4] but there has been little research in the area. The following phonemes are reconstructed from Spanish records:[5]
There was also a flap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, which appears to have been an allophone of {{IPA|/d/}}.
A distinction between {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} is suggested by Spanish transcriptions of e vs ei/ey, as in ceiba "ceiba". The {{IPA|/e/}} is written ei or final é in modern reconstructions. There was also a high back vowel {{IPA|[u]}}, which was often interchangeable with {{IPA|/o/}} and may have been an allophone. There was a parallel set of nasal vowels. The only consonant at the end of a syllable or of a word was {{IPA|/s/}}. GrammarTaíno is not well attested.[1] Nouns appear to have had noun-class suffixes, as in other Arawakan languages. Attested Taíno possessive prefixes are da- 'my', wa- 'our', li- 'his' (sometimes with a different vowel), and to-, tu- 'her'.[5] Verb-designating affixes are a-, ka-, -a, -ka, -nV in which "V" is an unknown or changeable vowel. This suggests that, like many other Arawakan languages, verbal conjugation for a subject resembled the possessive prefixes on nouns. The Taíno language had an SVO word order which might be hard to see when copulas are being used. Boriken dawaria ("I-[Puerto Rico]-from"). What is of most concern in word order for the Taíno language nowadays is the most practical way to speak it. This tends to favor the least agglutinative approach. The negation prefix is ma- meanwhile the attributive prefix is ka- as in makabuka "it is not important or not important". But literally means "Without a past" Some conjugated verbs include Daka (I am), Weiba (We go), Warike (We see) Attested object suffix includes -wo (we, us) as in Ahiyawoka (Speak to us) [6]VocabularyEnglish words derived from Taíno are: canoe, cassava, cay, hammock, hurricane, iguana, macana, maize, and potato, as well as possibly mangrove, tobacco, and savanna.[3]{{rp|229}} Taíno loanwords in Spanish are: agutí, ají, cacique, maguey, nigua, tiburón, and tuna, as well as the previous English words in their Spanish form. Place namesTaíno etymologies of place names:[5]
Sources
References1. ^1 2 Alexandra Aikhenvald (2012) Languages of the Amazon, Oxford University Press {{Arawakan languages}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Taino Language}}2. ^{{cite journal |last=Reyes |first=David |date=2004 |title=The Origin and Survival of the Taíno Language |url=https://indigenouscaribbean.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/davidcampos.pdf |journal=Issues in Caribbean Amerindian Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi= |access-date=February 19, 2017}} 3. ^1 {{citation | author=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | chapter=The Haytian or Taino language | title=The American Nations | volume=1 | year=1836 | pages=215-253 | url=https://archive.org/details/nationsamerica01rafirich}} 4. ^http://www.tainoage.com/meaning.html 5. ^1 2 Granberry, Julian & Vescelius, Gary. Languagues of the Pre-Columbian Antilles. The University of Alabama Press 2004. p. 92. 6. ^{{cite web |last1=Estevez |first1=Jorge |title=Origins of the word TAINO |url=https://www.academia.edu/22597524/Origins_of_the_word_TAINO_edited_LG_2_ |website=Academia |accessdate=10 June 2018}} 19 : Taíno|Arawakan languages|Indigenous languages of the Caribbean|Extinct languages of North America|Languages of the Bahamas|Languages of Cuba|Languages of Haiti|Languages of the Dominican Republic|Languages of the Turks and Caicos Islands|Languages of Jamaica|Languages of Puerto Rico|Languages of the United States Virgin Islands|Languages of the British Virgin Islands|Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Languages of Anguilla|Languages of Saint Martin|Languages of Antigua and Barbuda|Languages of Montserrat|Languages extinct in the 16th century |
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