“Bahía Blanca”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Bahía Blanca ({{IPA-es|baˈi.a ˈβlaŋka}}; English: White Bay) is a city in the southwest of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by the Atlantic Ocean, and is the seat of government of Bahía Blanca Partido. It had 301,572 inhabitants according to the {{census-ar|2010}}. It is the principal city in the Greater Bahía Blanca urban agglomeration.

The city has an important sea port with a depth of 45 feet (15 m), kept constant upstream almost all along the length of the bay, where the Napostá Stream drains.

Foundation

The city was founded as a fortress on 11 April 1828 by Colonel Ramón Estomba under the orders of Brigadier-General and subsequent Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas, being named Fortaleza Protectora Argentina (Argentine Protective Fortress), intended to protect inhabitants from cattle rustlers, and also to protect the coast from the Brazilian navy, which had landed in the area the previous year. It was visited by Charles Darwin during his travels through South America in September 1833. The fortress was attacked by malones (incursions of nomadic aboriginals on horseback) several times, most notably in 1859 by 3,000 Calfucurá warriors. It became commercially important after the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway linked the town to the city of Buenos Aires in 1885, facilitating the transport of grain from the Pampas. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

The rapid growth of the local economy, the policy encouraging immigration from Europe and the country's abundant natural resources attracted many immigrants, mainly from Spain and Italy, and a remarkable number from France, who settled in Pigüé, about 125 km to the north of the city. Another important foreign settlement close to the city was of Dutch settlers, in Tres Arroyos, located about 250 km north east. Major groups of immigrants from Germany and Jews from Eastern Europe also arrived in the city and in the region at the beginning of the 20th century,{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} as well as during World War II and the post-war period.

European immigrants brought their customs and culture. There were at least five opera houses in Bahía Blanca at the beginning of the 20th century and six cinemas by 1920. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

Governance

The municipal government of Bahia Blanca Partido encompasses the mayor, in charge of the executive branch, the city council, in charge of local legislation, approval and audit of the municipal budget, and a local Judiciary System, in charge of administering justice on behalf of the City regarding all the aspects of municipal legislation. The mayor and the members of the council are elected by direct vote while the municipal judges are appointed. The mayor appoints the members of his cabinet of Secretaries who can be summoned by the council to whom they are mainly accountable.

A local political crisis in March 2006 resulted in the mayor's request for leave, which was granted by the city council on 27 March 2006. The mayor was indicted and the case continues in the local judiciary.^[4]^[5] The president of the city council then took over as interim mayor. However, on 24 August 2006 the city council decided, for the first time in the history of the city, to unseat the elected mayor. With the approval of the supreme court of the Buenos Aires Province, the interim mayor and former president of the city council was appointed to complete his predecessor's term.^[6]^[7]

Economy

Bahía Blanca is an important trans-shipping and commercial center, handling the large export trade of grains and wool from the southern area of Buenos Aires Province, oil from Neuquén Province, and fruit from the Río Negro Valley. Its group of sea ports is one of the most important in the country as the only ones that are naturally 33 feet (10 metres) deep, although the depth of the main channel is kept at 40 feet (12.19 metres) by regular maintenance. Along the northeastern shore of the bay, these ports are Puerto Ingeniero White^[8] for grains and containers,^[9] and Puerto Galván, a smaller one specialising in sunflower and soy oil, and chemicals such as urea. One of the largest urea industrial producers in the world, Profertil,^[10] is located there. Between these two main ports, several industrial and chemical plants operate their own piers. The petrochemical pole of the region made the port a very convenient one. Competence between Puerto de Bahía Blanca and those located in the shores of Patagonia (subsidized by provincial governments through the National Treasury)^[11] made it stronger and very well organized having received investments from the private sector like Cargill^[12] that upgraded facilities in the 1980s. The combination of a railroad network for grains linking Rosario (Santa Fe Province), by the shore of Paraná River to Bahía Blanca, its trade potential, linking also Bahía Blanca to Zapala, very close to the border to Chile and then to the Pacific Ocean shores avoiding days of navigation through Ferrocarril Transandino del Sur,^[13] the availability of energy (natural gas and electricity) and human resources make the area quite an interesting one from the industrial and commercial perspectives.^[14]

There are several local societies representing economic activities taking place in the region such as Sociedad Rural, Corporación del Comercio y de la Industria, and Sociedad Industrial, all of whom organize conferences and exhibits linked to the branch of trade, commerce or industry their associates carry out. Some of the exhibits are quite traditional and have taken place for many years, such as "Exposición Nacional de Ganadería e Industria de la Sociedad Rural de Bahía Blanca", mainly grouping those devoted to cattle husbandry and sheep breeding, who up to 2006 account for 122 annual displays^[15] when there is a contest awarding prizes to the best presented animals.

Transportation

Bahía Blanca is served by Comandante Espora Airport (BHI/SAZB). There are two daily short-haul flights from Bahía Blanca (BHI) to the domestic flights airport at Buenos Aires (AEP). The Navy operates also a weekly flight to and from Buenos Aires, for servicepeople who commute between the two cities. The local airport's runways belong to the Navy Aviation (BACE, standing for Base Aeronaval Comandante Espora). There is a civilian terminal supported by the city council apart from the military one. The civilian terminal is undergoing important renovation.

The bus terminal of the city, recently remodelled and redesigned, services the whole country. The bus transportation system has a wider range of short, medium and long distance connections and destinations offering lots of overnight trips from Bahía Blanca to Buenos Aires, to hundreds of cities and towns throughout the country and also to neighbouring countries such as Uruguay.

A network of motorways merge in the city linking it to the region and the rest of the country. In recent years, different administrations have tried to create and improve an outer ring road by which traffic is facilitated avoiding unnecessary congestion allowing lorries or trucks, as well as automobiles, to directly enter and exit the port area. Vehicles passing by can also avoid entering the city via this ring road. There are also projects to improve the road link between the city and the airport. Multiple local bus lines form the city transportation system. The main route, Ruta Nacional 3, is divided there into 3 North, leading to Olavarría and Buenos Aires, and 3 South leading to Viedma, Trelew, Comodoro Rivadavia, Río Gallegos, Río Grande and Ushuaia. Another routes are National Routes 35, leading to Santa Rosa and Río Cuarto, 33, leading to Trenque Lauquen and Rosario, and 22, which leads to Neuquén Province.

Railway

Bahía Blanca has a total of three railway stations, with only Bahía Blanca Sud currently active for passenger services. The station, originally built by British BA Great Southern company and opened in 1884, is terminus of General Roca Railway services operated by both companies, Trenes Argentinos and Ferrobaires that cover the {{convert|680|km|mi|abbr=on}} distance between Constitución and Bahía Blanca.

The other two stations of the city were built and originally operated by British Bahía Blanca and North Western Railway (opened in 1891) and French Rosario and Puerto Belgrano Railway (opened in 1912) respectively. The RPBR station is currently operated by freight transport company Ferrosur Roca.^[16]

Architecture

The city has the common features of all those founded by the Spanish and their descendants: a main square at the centre surrounded by main buildings. The City Hall and the Church are on opposite although facing sides. Buildings of administrative importance also surround the main square or are located nearby. The planning which took place before its foundation and during its early beginning conceived streets parallel to the sides of the main square. {{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} Almost all the blocks are then rectangular in shape. As the city developed the streets were extended and more rectangular blocks were added at the edges. The Administration of the City decided then to observe a plan of development probably about 1960s, when it might have been ruled that further developments would follow established criteria according to their purpose: permanent dwellers, public places, industries.

Most of the city has terraced houses although detached houses surrounded by extensive gardens are well developed in some areas such as barrio Palihue, with an adjacent golf course at Club de Golf Palihue.^[17] Barrio Patagonia and country clubs for permanent and also for week-end dwellers were designed and developed at the outskirts of the city.

The architecture of Bahía Blanca is notable as well. Public buildings such as the seat of the Banco de la Nación, Bolsa de Comercio de Bahía Blanca^[18] (Chamber of Commerce, the stock exchange), the main Post Office, the former building of the local newspaper La Nueva Provincia,^[19] the City Hall, the Rectorate and academic departments of Universidad del Sur, its 'Casa de la Cultura', Teatro Municipal (Opera House of the city), Biblioteca Rivadavia^[20] and Club Argentino, amongst others, are well-considered pieces of architecture, most of them extremely well preserved. Some of them are of French neoclassical influence (L'École des Beaux Arts, Paris).

There are excellent monuments and pieces of sculpture scattered all along the city: in the streets, main buildings and green spaces such as Caronti's bust, facing the City Hall, the Memorial to Bernardino Rivadavia, at the centre of the main square, Fuente de los Ingleses and Memorial of the Israeli community, in the same square. The statue of José de San Martín, in Parque de Mayo, the sculpture group of Lola Mora in the fountain at the front of Universidad del Sur, the memorial to Giuseppe Garibaldi, the statue of Isabel I of Castile in front of the bus station, donated by the Government of Spain (no such pieces are donated to non capital cities as it has been this case, enhancing the importance of the local Spanish descendants), the pieces which decorate the frontispieces of Banco de la Nación, Edificio Banco Provincia, to the side of the City Hall, Saint George and the Dragon of the former electrical power plant of Ingeniero White in the Port, the ones of the former building of La Nueva Provincia and those of the Cathedral are unique, as well as the modern art ones which form the group of Paseo de las Esculturas, indeed remarkable. Although not a sculpture, the mural mosaic of Colegio Don Bosco, on the corner of Vieytes and Moreno streets, by Aurelio Friedrich -a local plastic artist- is to be mentioned. All of them do enrich the architectural, artistic and cultural patrimony and heritage of the City.

Multiple green spaces have been created in the city: Plaza Rivadavia (its main square), Parque de Mayo, Paseo de las Esculturas, Parque Independencia, Plaza 9 de Julio, and Plaza Villa Mitre, are the most familiar ones.

Besides the usual areas included when the city is to be shown to somebody who is unfamiliar with it, other areas of interest include the Barrio Inglés ('English Quarter') where the British foremen and technicians who built the railways and ports lived, and Villa Harding Green, a suburb where the railway and port managers dwelled.

Culture and education

The city is a developed one including cultural and educational aspects. It has a permanent Symphony Orchestra and a Company of Classical Ballet (Ballet del Sur) with an associate School of Classic Dances.

For further education there are two tertiary institutes and two national universities. The first ones are Instituto Superior Juan XXIII,^[21] (probably linked to the future UNISAL (standing for Universidad Salesiana) of the Salesians) and Instituto Avanza (tertiary institute of humanities). National Universities are Facultad Regional Bahía Blanca Universidad Tecnológica Nacional,^[22] devoted mainly to exact sciences and intended for students who do have a job for making a living, with formal activities in the evening; and Universidad Nacional del Sur^[23] (National University of the South), founded in January 1956. This last one has associated internationally known institutes of research in biological, biochemical and technological sciences such as INIBIB and Instituto de Oceanografia, among others. Both national universities are free of tuition fees for all students.

Initial and basic education depend on the Province of Buenos Aires although there is a locally elected Municipal Educational Counselor holding some degree of influence and supervision on both. The system was transformed about ten years ago through the [https://web.archive.org/web/20061029193157/http://www.fmmeducacion.com.ar/Sisteduc/Leyes/leybuenosaires.htm Secretary of Education]. What used to be a system with primary (mandatory) and secondary (non-mandatory) education before continuing university studies (the 'French model') became Basic General Education (mandatory) and Polimodal Education (the 'Spanish-Catalan model') although nowadays it is being reviewed and likely to be modified again. Free education is granted by the state although there are semi-private and private schools.

There are reputed provincial Schools of Plastic Arts and Music, free of tuition fees. Foreign languages are taught at public schools at a rather basic level. However, there are local foreign language schools such as the Asociación Bahiense de Cultura Inglesa (English, also taught by many other institutions), the Alliance Française (French), the Dante Alighieri Society (Italian) and Goethe-Institut (German), all of them private although with a good number of students. Portuguese is also taught. There used to be a school of Basque language at "Unión Vasca" also named "Euzkadi" with a much smaller group of students.

There are several Non-governmental organizations such as The International Red Cross, Rotary Clubs, Lions Clubs and multiple cultural and community associations, some of them intended to group descendants of immigrants promoting their respective culture, strengthening links between them and those already established with the Argentine society.

Libraries

There is a main public one, whose building has been already named: Biblioteca Bernardino Rivadavia,^[20] one of the oldest of the area with a superb collection of about 160,000 books, some of them priceless, newspapers and magazines, the library of Universidad Nacional del Sur,^[24] also remarkable and open to the public, not only to the students, and smaller libraries in the different neighbourhoods, most of them assisted and supported by the City Council.

Museums

There are several museums in the city which include the Port Museum, the History Museum, the Fine Arts Museum and the Contemporary Arts Museum, these last two ones headed by Betiana Gerardi, where permanent and temporary exhibits take place. Pieces of art from reputed local and Argentine artists belonging to the City patrimony are shown. There are at least two known large oils on canvas by Benito Quinquela Martín, one there -- at the Museum -- and the other in the mayor's office. Other exhibits do regularly take place at Biblioteca Rivadavia, Chamber of Commerce, Casa de la Cultura and Alliance Française, where frequent vernissages are organized on the responsibility of different curators. There are at least two associations of local and regional plastic artists, Asociación de Bahiense de Artistas Plásticos and Asociacion de Artistas del Sur, both of them quite active promoting workshops and exhibits throughout the year, also in charge of the organization of multiple cultural activities.

A military museum organised by the Army at its local "Comando del V Cuerpo de Ejército" (V Army Corps Command)^[25] at which a miniaturized recreation of the original Fortress is on display, made by César Puliafito, as well as a quite interesting collection of ancient maps, documents and pieces alongside one of the most important -and rather unknown- libraries of history in the region: this one and the one of the Salesians, at Inspectoría San Francisco Javier (Head of the Salesians of Don Bosco for the whole Patagonia) have fantastic collections with many priceless documents related to the conquest and "civilization" of Patagonia, almost completely carried out by the Army and the Salesians. The Army Museum of History of Bahía Blanca is open to the public with guided tours being available on appointment. All museums in the city have free admission.

Publications

There is one local and regional newspaper, La Nueva Provincia, as well as regularly published indexed scientific journals such as Revista Científica de la Asociación Médica de Bahía Blanca^[26] (Bahía Blanca Medical Association Scientific Journal) in Spanish with abstracts in both Spanish and English. EDIUNS, the publisher of Universidad Nacional del Sur, produces what Scientists, Professors and Lecturers edit facilitating them all the processes related to publishing including copyright procedures which is beneficial for both editors and readers. CREEBBA (the Regional Center for Economic Studies of Bahía Blanca, Argentina) publishes respected, independent reports regarding financial and economical aspects of the city and its area of influence. Written in Spanish, they also comment on national macroeconomic issues.^[14]

Shopping

Two shopping centres are located at the outskirts of the city and many shops in the centre itself are quite active and offer a variety of first line goods and products. On week-ends, mainly on Saturday there is a craftsmanship fair in the street at Plaza Rivadavia, the main square, where all kind of hand made goods are available. There is also a variety of megastores, some of them locally and regionally developed competing with branches of international companies. Most of them are open even on Sundays, although this is now under review and local unions have lobbied for businesses and shops to close on Sundays.^[27]

Entertainment, leisure and tourism

Cinemas, discos, a variety of restaurants and pubs are available, many of them overnight. Frequent pieces of theatre, ballet and concerts are offered.

Bahía Blanca has also two zoos: a municipal one, with a variety of species and permanent veterinarians and personnel looking after the animals, and a private one in the outskirts of the town.

At the shores close to the city there are recreational places such as "Balneario Maldonado" and "Colón" . The Estuary has been graded and listed as The Natural Reserve of Bahía Blanca, Bahía Falsa and Bahía Verde, including the Islands Zuraitas, Bermejo, Trinidad, Embudo, Wood and smaller ones accounting for an area of 300 square kilometres, by Provincial Law 12101 effective since 1998.^[28] Fishing for sharks is becoming an attraction for an increasing number of people, some of whom travel from across the country to do it, in specified areas of the estuary where it is permitted by boat or from small piers in the islands of the bay.

Sports

Facilities for playing football, tennis, rugby, golf, indoor swimming, indoor and outdoor basketball and some other sports are easily available throughout the area.

There are two large indoor basketball stadiums with about 3000 to 3500 seats each and three important football stadiums close to the city centre, the largest one with facilities for hosting about 15,000 people.^[29] There is one golf club with three courts of 9 holes each, driving range and putting green where courtesy for visitant players is observed. Two more golf courses are available in the area, one in a country club and the other in Puerto Belgrano.

Since the 1950s, Bahía has been considered the leading city of Argentine basketball. Internationally well-known players are Emanuel Ginóbili (NBA, San Antonio Spurs, Texas), Juan Ignacio Sánchez also an NBA player who returned home in 2010^[30] to found a professional local basketball team: Bahia Basket and Alejandro Montecchia. They were gold medal winners in the Olympic Games Athens 2004, and members of the Argentine Team which played the final match FIBA World Championship in Indianapolis 2002 (2° place) and the FIBA World Championship in Japan 2006 where they came in fourth. Their coach at that event was Sergio Santos Hernández, also a native of Bahía Blanca. Former players Alberto Cabrera (deceased) and Atilio Fruet (retired) are also well remembered at national and local levels.

The city's principal football (soccer) teams are Olimpo and Villa Mitre. Olimpo played in the Argentine first division until relegation in 2006, and was reinstated in 2010. Ex-Argentina national football team coach Alfio Basile and the football player Rodrigo Palacio were born in Bahía Blanca.

Two of the best padel players in history hail from Bahía Blanca: Juan Mieres and Miguel Lamperti, both currently ranked in the top 10 in the world.

Overview of religions

The vast majority of the inhabitants of the city are Roman Catholics although there are Protestant churches and a synagogue. There are also Muslims in the city, {{citation needed|date=February 2014}} but no mosque. The city is religiously tolerant, a common nationwide characteristic guaranteed by the Argentine Constitution.^[31]

The city is the seat of the Archdiocese of Bahía Blanca. Its mother church is a neoclassical cathedral (the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mercy). The Archbishop since 2003 is Guillermo José Garlatti. The Archbishop presides the local branch of the relief and social assistance organization Caritas, which supports itself through the help of Catholic and non-Catholic individuals as well as non-governmental organizations.

Climate

Bahía Blanca's climate is subtropical and characterized by wide variations in temperatures.^[32] It is influenced by the location of the city by the ocean with warm superficial streams by the shores. Winters are characterized by cool temperatures during the day with cold nights.^[33] The mean temperature during winter is {{convert|8|C|F|1}}.^[34] Temperatures can fall below {{convert|0|C|F|1}} although snowfalls are rare, averaging 0.2 days of snow per year.^[37]^[35] The last significant snowfall took place recently in July 2009. The one before was on May 2007, although it sometimes does snow in Sierra de la Ventana. On average, there are 35 days with frost, most of it occurring in June–August.^[32] Winters are characterized by cloudy and damp weather, averaging 9–11 overcast days.^[33]{{sfn|Biogeography and Ecology in South America|1969|p=73}}

Spring and fall are characterized by mild temperatures during the day and cool to cold nights.^[33] Normally, the last frost occurs on 1 October while the first frost occurs on 9 May although frosts have been recorded as early as 16 March and as late as 8 November.^[36] Although the majority of frosts occurs in June–August, the occurrence of frosts in Spring and Fall can potentially damage crops.^[32]

Summers are warm during the day while nights are mild to cool.^[33] Most of the precipitation is concentrated in the summer months, which can bring thunderstorms. Average temperatures during the summer is around {{convert|23|C|F|1}}.^[34] It tends to be sunnier, averaging 4–7 overcast days and 9–10 clear days.^[33]

Bahia Blanca receives {{convert|645.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation per year, most of it concentrated in the summer months and there are 79 days with measurable precipitation.^[37]^[38] However, precipitation is highly variable from year to year, with some years receiving over {{convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=on}} and other years where precipitation is less than {{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}}.^[32]^[34] The average relative humidity is 64%, with the winter months having higher humidity than the summer months.^[37] Winds are moderate throughout the year, with an average wind speed of {{convert|24.0|km/h|abbr=on}}.^[32]^[34] Most of the winds either come from the north or from the northwest.^[32]^[34] Bahia Blanca receives an average of 2,310.7 hours of bright sunshine per year (about 6.3 hours of sunshine per day or 51% of possible sunshine),^[35] ranging from a high of 67% in January (9.7 hours of sunshine per day)^[39] to a low of 36% in July (3.6 hours of sunshine per day).^[40] The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|43.8|C|F|1}} on 21 January 1980 while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-11.8|C|F|1}} on 4 July 1988.^[36]

Health care system

The illiteracy rate of the city, as well as the neonatal and infant mortality rates, are amongst the lowest in the country. Besides the national censuses -which take place every ten years-, the Ministry of Economy carries out periodical regional censuses sampling urban areas collecting data on economic and social indexes, such as Encuesta Permanente de Hogares by INDEC. There are two principal hospitals in the city: a provincial one, Hospital Dr José Penna,^[44] and a municipal one, Hospital Municipal Dr Leónidas Lucero,^[45] both of them tertiary centres for assistance and referrals throughout the region. The health care system is free of charge to any legal resident of the Nation. Public Health is the responsibility of both the Province of Buenos Aires and the City, which have a network of public clinics throughout the city and the region taking care of people as primary health carers. There are also private health care institutions. There is one physician for every 266 inhabitants. Public health is coordinated between the Minister of Health of the Buenos Aires Province, who has a Delegate in Bahía Blanca (Zona Sanitaria I), and the City Administration under the supervision of the local Secretary of Health appointed directly by the city mayor. Aspects of interest about the City and Council Administration can be found on its website in both Spanish and English.^[46]

Consulates

The city is the seat of several foreign consulates including the Spanish,^[47] Italian^[48] and Chilean.^[49] There are also Honorary Consulates of France,^[50] Denmark, Norway and the Netherlands.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www7.uc.cl/sw_educ/historia/expansion/HTML/p350h.html|title=La primera circunnavegación de la tierra|trans-title=The first circumnavigation of the world|accessdate=23 July 2015|language=Spanish|publisher=Pontifical Catholic University of Chile}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=8102&portal=24|title=Descripción de Patagonia y de las partes adyacentes de la América meridional, que contiene una razón del suelo, producciones, animales, valles, montañas, ríos, lagunas... / escrita en inglés por Tomas Falkner, que residió cerca de 40 años en aquellas partes |accessdate=23 July 2015|language=Spanish|first=Tomas|last= Falkner|website=Cervantesvirtual.com|trans-title=Description of Patagonia and adjacent parts of South America, which contains a ratio of soil, production, animals, valleys, mountains, rivers, ponds... / written in English by Tomas Falkner, who lived about 40 years in those parts}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/BNPB-Indice.htm |website=Histarmar.com.ar|title=BREVE HISTORIA DE LA BASE NAVAL DE PUERTO BELGRANO - Indice|trans-title=BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NAVAL BASE OF PUERTO BELGRANO - Index|accessdate=23 July 2015|language=Spanish}}
4. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.derf.com.ar/despachos.asp?cod_des=71185|title= Bahía Blanca: El Concejo Deliberante licenció a Lopes y asumirá nuevo intendente |publisher= Derf: Federal Agencia de Noticias |language=Spanish |date=31 March 2006 |accessdate= 8 December 2015}}
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6. ^ {{Dead link|date=July 2015}}
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11. ^http://thefishmall.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1734{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cargill.com.ar/agro/inst/gya/graining.asp|title=Cargill: Grain|publisher=}}
13. ^http://www.secyt.gov.ar/23feria/78.htm
14. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.creebba.org.ar/|title=CREEBBA - Centro Regional de Estudios Económicos de Bahía Blanca Argentina|publisher=}}
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17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lawebdegolf.com/campos/campo.php?pais=Argentina&codp=111&nomp=Buenos_Aires&idcampo=1176|title=La Web de Golf: CLUB DE GOLF PALIHUE (Argentina)|author=Rafael S疣chez S疇z : La Web de Golf|publisher=}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bolsacombblanca.com.ar|title=Inicio|publisher=}}
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20. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.abr.org.ar/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-08-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823202441/http://www.abr.org.ar/ |archivedate=23 August 2006 |df= }}
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22. ^http://www.frbb.utn.edu.ar
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uns.edu.ar|title=Universidad Nacional del Sur - Sitio oficial|publisher=}}
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25. ^http://www.vtocuerpo.ejercito.mil.ar {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223045245/http://www.vtocuerpo.ejercito.mil.ar/ |date=23 December 2005 }}
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