| 词条 | Tethininae |
| 释义 |
| name = Tethininae | image = Tethina_lusitanica.jpg | image_caption = Tethina lusitanica | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Diptera | superfamilia = Carnoidea | familia = Canacidae | subfamilia = Tethininae | subfamilia_authority = Hendel, 1916[1] }}Tethininae, formally the family Tethinidae[2] is a paraphyletic group of tiny drab-coloured or grey Acalyptratae flies. There are over 115 species in 7 genera known from all zoogeographic regions.[3] They are inconspicuous flies which are still poorly known in some remote, huge, tropical areas (e.g. South America).[2] Natural historyTethininae are found in maritime, often littoral habitats. The adults are sometimes abundant in rotting seaweed. A few species occur inland, in association with alkaline habitats in arid zones. Except for the subantarctic genera Apetaenus and Listriomastax, little is known about the immature stages of the family, although presumably most are associated with rotting seaweed. Workers in dipterology which are unfamiliar with tethinids often associate these flies with the presence of seashores, particularly sandy beaches and coastal lagoons. This is true for most strictly thalassophilous species, which occur on dunes, sandy soil and wrack heaps stranded on the beach. However, many entomologists often ignore or simply overlook the fact that populations of certain species also inhabit biotopes situated far off from sea littorals, sometimes several hundreds of kilometres inland, and are almost always closely dependent on the proximity of continental saline environments. It is well known that most species, if not all, belonging to the subfamily Pelomyiinae are not thalassophilous flies, but are almost exclusively found inland, associated with meadows, mountain passes, forests, areas and waters polluted by rotting waste, industrial emissions or debris of slaughterhouses and poultry farms (sites of salt accumulation and enrichment), as well as desert oases. However, this is not infrequent in various species of the genus Tethina, too. Genera
Subfamily DescriptionSee References1. ^{{cite journal |last= Hendel|first= Friedrich |date= 1916 |title=Beiträge zur Systematik der Acalyptraten Musciden (Dipt.) |journal = Entomologische Mitteilungen |publisher= |volume= 5 |issue= 9-12 |pages= 294–299 |doi= }} 2. ^1 {{cite journal |last= McAlpine|first=D.K. |date= 2007|title=The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and notes on Tethinid-Canacid morphology and relationships. |url= http://australianmuseum.com/Uploads/Journals/18047/1468_complete.pdf|journal= Records of the Australian Museum|publisher= The Australian Museum|volume= 59|issue= |pages= 27–64|doi= 10.3853/j.0067-1975.59.2007.1468|accessdate=17 August 2014}} 3. ^{{cite journal |last1= Munari|first1= L.|last2= Mathis|first2= W.N.|date= 2010|title= World Catalog of the Family Canacidae (including Tethinidae) (Diptera), with keys to the supraspecific taxa.|url= http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02471p084.pdf|journal= Zootaxa|publisher= Magnolia Press|volume= 2471|issue= |pages= 1–84 |issn=1175-5334 |accessdate=17 August 2014}} 4. ^{{cite journal |last= Munari|first= Lorenzo |date= 1986|title= Contributo alla conoscenza dei Tethinidae afrotropicali. II. Considerazioni tassonomiche sulla sottofamiglia Horaismopterinae Sabr. e descrizione di un genere e due specie nuove (Diptera, Tethinidae).|journal= Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali - Lavori |publisher= |volume= 11 |issue= |pages= 41–52|doi= }} 5. ^{{cite journal |last= Hendel|first= Friedrich |date= 1934 |title=Revision der Tethiniden (Dipt. Muscid. acal.) |journal=Tijdschrift voor Entomologie |publisher= Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging |location= Amsterdam |volume= 77|issue= |pages= 37–54|doi= }} 6. ^{{cite journal |last= Munari|first= Lorenzo |date= 2000|title= Beach Flies from South-Western coast of Australia, with Descriptions of a New Genus and Two New Species (Diptera Tethinidae). |journal= Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana|publisher= |volume= 132|issue= 3|pages= 237–248|doi= }} 7. ^{{cite book |last= Malloch|first= John Russel |date= 1914|title= Formosan Agromyzidae |url= http://publication.nhmus.hu/pdf/annHNHM/Annals_HNHM_1914_Vol_12_306.pdf|journal= Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici |publisher= |volume= 12 |issue= |pages= 306–336|doi= |accessdate=24 August 2014}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal |last= Munari|first= Lorenzo |date= 2004|title= Beach Flies (Diptera: Tethinidae: Tethininae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea, with descriptions of two new genera and ten new species.|url= http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17971/1395_complete.pdf |journal= Records of the Australian Museum |publisher= Australian Museum, Sydney |volume= 56|issue= 1|pages= 29–56|doi= 10.3853/j.0067-1975.56.2004.1395|issn = 0067-1975 |accessdate=24 August 2014}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last= Haliday|first= A.H.|date= 1837 (available 1838)|title= New British Insects Indicated in Mr. Curtis’s Guide |url= |journal= Annals and Magazine of Natural History|publisher= |volume= 2|issue= |pages= 183–190|doi= 10.1080/00222933809512369}} Identification (Literature)
Species Lists
2 : Brachycera subfamilies|Canacidae |
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