| 词条 | Teungku Chik di Tiro |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Teungku Chik di Tiro | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Teungku Chik di Tiro 1961 Indonesia stamp.jpg | image_size = 270px | alt = | caption = Drawing of Teungku Chik di Tiro | birth_name = Muhammad Saman | birth_date = {{BirthDeathAge | B | 1836| | |1891 |01| 21|}} | birth_place = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Aceh Sultanate.png}} Tiro, Pedir, Aceh Sultanate | death_date = {{BirthDeathAge | | 1836 | | | 1891 | 01 | 21|}} | death_place ={{flagicon image|Flag of the Aceh Sultanate.png}} Lamtuba, Koetaradja, Aceh Sultanate | death_cause = Consumption of poisoned food | body_discovered = | resting_place = Meureu, Aceh Besar | resting_place_coordinates = | monuments = | nationality = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Aceh Sultanate.png}} Acehnese | other_names = | ethnicity = | citizenship = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Aceh Sultanate.png}} Acehnese | occupation = Religious teacher, guerrilla fighter | years_active = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = 5 | parents = | relatives = Hasan di Tiro (Great grandson) }} Muhamad Saman (1836 – 21 January 1891), better known as Teungku Chik di Tiro (usually spelt Cik di Tiro in Indonesia), was an Acehnese guerrilla fighter. On 6 November 1973 he was declared a National Hero of Indonesia. BiographyDi Tiro was born to Tengku Sjech Abdullah and Siti Aisyah in Tiro, Pedir, Aceh Sultanate, in 1836.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=7}} Until the age of 15, he studied with his father; he then began studying with his uncle, Teungku Chik Dayah Tjut di Tiro.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=4}} After studying under several more teachers, he moved to Aceh Besar and spent two years there.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=4}} By day he would study Islam and by night he would join his fellows in fighting against Dutch colonials.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=9}} He was eventually called home to Tiro, where he began teaching with his uncle.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=4}}{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=9}} After several years as a teacher, di Tiro went on the hajj to Mecca.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=4}} There, he met several Islamic leaders and other revolutionaries from Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; through discussions on imperialism and colonialism, di Tiro became more interested in fighting against the Dutch.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=4}} One day in 1880, after di Tiro returned to Tiro, a group of guerrilla fighters came through, looking for an ulama (religious leader) to lead the fight.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=10}} Di Tiro volunteered and joined the guerrillas in their base in Gunung Miram.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=10}} He then traveled throughout Aceh.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=5}} Every time he stopped in a town, he would deliver lectures at a mosque about holy war and how it was their duty to fight against unbelievers.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=5}} At the same time, he sent letters to other ulama to call them to war, determined to have driven the Dutch out of Aceh by 1883.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=5}}{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=12}} Soon di Tiro and the ulama had collected 6,000 soldiers to fight against the Dutch,{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=5}} as well as the support of the Sultan of Aceh.{{sfn|TokohIndonesia.com 2011, Berjuang untuk Agama}} The Dutch, although aware of the impending rebellion, remained unaware of di Tiro's identity.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=5}} Soon his troops cut communications between Dutch fortresses and established their own base in Mureu.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=5}} Previous struggles in the 1870s had led the Dutch to double their numbers in Aceh.{{sfn|TokohIndonesia.com 2011, Berjuang untuk Agama}} In May 1881, di Tiro and his troops captured the Dutch fortress in Indrapuri, sparking the Aceh War.{{sfn|TokohIndonesia.com 2011, Berjuang untuk Agama}} Thiw was followed by the ones in Krueng Jreu and Gle Kameng.{{sfn|TokohIndonesia.com 2011, Berjuang untuk Agama}} In response, the Dutch reinforced their fortresses in Lambaro, Aneuk Galong, and Samahani.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=5}} Through 1882 and 1883, the two sides continued to fight, with the Acehnese gaining ground and taking over the island of Breuh.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=5}}{{sfn|TokohIndonesia.com 2011, Berjuang untuk Agama}} In early 1883, di Tiro's forces attacked the Dutch stronghold in Kutaraja (now Banda Aceh); despite failing to take the fort, they succeeded in killing the Dutch controuler.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=6}} At the peak of the war, the Dutch controlled only {{convert|4|sqkm|sqmi}} of land; before the war, they had controlled nearly all of Aceh.{{sfn|Jakarta City Government, Teungku Cik di Tiro}} In April 1884, the sultan was told that di Tiro was now leader of the people.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=12}} In response, the sultan made a proclamation that he was still sultan; in August di Tiro himself declared that he had no intentions to be sultan.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|pp=12–13}} By 1885, di Tiro felt that the Dutch were ready to capitulate.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=6}} As such, he sent an ultimatum to Assistant Resident Van Langen, offering peace if the Dutch would convert to Islam.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=6}} Although some Dutchmen came claiming that they were willing to convert, they were later discovered to be spies.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=14}} In 1888 di Tiro sent another letter; this one also received no response from the Dutch leadership.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=6}} He then led more expeditions against Dutch forces, despite still being unable to enter Kutaraja.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=6}} For several more years di Tiro led his troops against the Dutch;{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=6}} the attempts to spy on him led him to declare that he would not rest until all the Dutch were killed.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=14}} On 21 January 1891, di Tiro was served poisoned food by the son of the leader of Sagi, whom the Dutch had offered a leadership position if he would kill di Tiro; despite being taken to Aneuk Galong fortress to be treated, di Tiro soon died.{{sfn|Kamajaya|1981|p=15}} He was later buried at the family graveyard in Meureu, Aceh Besar.{{sfn|Rachman 2010, Hasan Tiro Dimakamkan}} His struggle was continued by other Acehnese figures, including Teuku Umar, Cut Nyak Dhien, and Cut Nyak Meutia, as well as his family.{{sfn|TokohIndonesia.com 2011, Berjuang untuk Agama}}{{sfn|Missbach|2010|p=61}} LegacyOn 6 November 1973, President Suharto declared di Tiro a National Hero of Indonesia through Presidential Decree number 087/TK of 1973.{{sfn|TokohIndonesia.com 2011, Berjuang untuk Agama}} {{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=1}} He has numerous streets named after him, including one of the main streets in the well-known suburb of Menteng in Jakarta.{{sfn|Jakarta City Government, Teungku Cik di Tiro}} Personal lifeDi Tiro had five sons: Teungku Mat Amin, Teungku Mahidin, Teungku di Tungkob, Teungku di Buket, and Teungku Lambada.{{sfn|Government of Aceh|n.d.|p=4}} Through them he was the great-grandfather of Free Aceh Movement founder Hasan di Tiro.{{sfn|Rachman 2010, Hasan Tiro Dimakamkan}} References
6 : 1836 births|1891 deaths|Guerrillas|Deaths by poisoning|Acehnese people|National Heroes of Indonesia |
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