| 词条 | Thompson language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Thompson |nativename = Nłeʔkepmxcín |pronunciation = |states = Canada, United States |region = British Columbia, Washington |ethnicity = 3,105 Nlaka'pamux |speakers = 380, 12% of ethnic population |date = 2016 census |ref = [1] |familycolor = American |fam1 = Salishan |fam2 = Interior Salish |fam3 = Northern |script = Duployan shorthand (historical) |iso3 = thp |glotto=thom1243 |glottorefname=Thompson }} The Thompson language, properly known as Nlaka'pamuctsin also known as the Nlaka'pamux ('Nthlakampx') language, is an Interior Salishan language spoken in the Fraser Canyon, Thompson Canyon, Nicola Country of the Canadian province of British Columbia, and also (historically) in the North Cascades region of Whatcom and Chelan counties of the state of Washington in the United States. A dialect distinctive to the Nicola Valley is called Scw'exmx, which is the name of the subgroup of the Nlaka'pamux who live there. PhonologyNlaka'pamuctsin is a consonant-heavy language. The consonants can be divided into two subgroups: obstruents, which restrict airflow, and sonorants or resonants, which do not.[2] The sonorants are often syllabic consonants, which can form syllables on their own without vowels. Consonants
Vowels
Stress is used with an acute accent; á.[3][4] Morphology and syntaxConventional wisdom about Salishan languages has long maintained an absence of lexical categories in that family. Many researchers believe there is a lack of contrast between parts of speech like nouns and verbs in Nlaka'pamuctsin, based on a lack of clear morphological differences.[5][6] Instead, linguists discuss morphology and syntax in Salishan based on a framework of predicates and particles.[6] However, recent work suggests a changing understanding of Salishan grammar. Now, most Salishanists believe that functional categories are not prescriptive of lexical categories, and that morphological evidence does not prove that the latter categories do not exist, only that the distinction is more subtle in some languages than in others.[7][8] Lexical suffixesOne morphological feature of Nlaka'pamuctsin is lexical suffixes.[6] These are words that add nuance to predicates and can be affixed to the ends of root words to add their general meaning to that word.[2] Thompson and Thompson assert that as a result of English language influence, speakers are using these more complex predicates less and less in favor of simpler predicates with complements and adjuncts, resulting in “a general decline in the exploitation of the rich synthetic resources of the language.”[2]
See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01|title=Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data|publisher=Government of Canada, Statistics|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=2017-12-08|date=2017-08-02}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Lawrence C.|last2=Thompson|first2=M. Terry|title=The Thompson Language|date=1992|publisher=University of Montana Press}} 3. ^{{Cite book|last=Koch|first=Karsten A.|publisher=|year=2011|isbn=978-94-007-0136-6|location=|pages=111–143|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0137-3_6|title = Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension|series = Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory|chapter = A Phonetic Study of Intonation and Focus in Nłeʔkepmxcin (Thompson River Salish)}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagegeek.com/salishan/nlekepmxcin.html|title=Nłeʔkepmxcin - Nlha7kápmx Thompson|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-06-15}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Lyle|title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|page=117}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Mithun|first1=Marianne|title=The Languages of Native North America|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|page=64}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Haag|first1=Marcia|title=Word-Level Evidence for Lexical Categories in Salishan Languages|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|date=October 1998|volume=64|issue=4|pages=379–393|doi=10.1086/466367}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Koch|first=Karsten|last2=Matthewson|first2=Lisa|date=2009|title=The Lexical category debate in Salish and its relevance for Tagalog|journal=Theoretical Linguistics|volume=35|issue=1|pages=125–137|doi=10.1515/thli.2009.007|pmid=}} External links
4 : Interior Salish languages|First Nations languages in Canada|Languages of the United States|Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau |
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