| 词条 | Thorkell the Tall |
| 释义 |
Thorkell the Tall, also known as Thorkell the High in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Old Norse: Þorke(ti)ll inn hávi; {{lang-no|Torkjell Høge}}; Swedish; Torkel Höge: {{lang-da|Torkild den Høje}}), was a prominent member of the Jomsviking order and a notable lord. He was a son of the Scanian chieftain Strut-Harald, and a brother of Jarl Sigvaldi. Thorkell was the chief commander of the Jomvikings and the legendary stronghold, Jomsborg, on the Island of Wollin.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} Thorkell notably partook in a campaign that saw him lead a great Viking army to Kent in 1009, where they proceeded to overrun most of Southern England.[1] This soon culminated in the Siege of Canterbury in 1011 and the kidnapping of archbishop Ælfheah, who had previously converted Olaf Tryggvason[2], and his subsequent murder at Greenwich on April 19th 1012.[3] BiographyThorkell is a historical figure, but his career, especially its early part, is steeped in associations with the legendary Jomsvikings. Thorkell took part in the Battle of Hjörungavágr in 986 and in the Battle of Swold in 1000. In August 1009, a large Danish army led by Thorkell the Tall landed on the shores of Sandwich. They first marched towards the city of Canterbury but were promptly paid 3000 pounds of silver by the people of Kent to sway the army from attacking.[4][5] They instead turned towards London and attempted to take the city several times, but were met with heavy resistance and ultimately abandoned their attack.[6][7] On September 8th 1011, the Viking army returned to Canterbury and besieged the city for three weeks, eventually taking it through the treachery of a man named Ælfmaer, whose life had been previously saved by the archbishop of Canterbury, Ælfheah.[8] Thorkell and his men occupied Canterbury and took several hostages of importance, including Ælfheah himself, who was held prisoner for seven months. The Vikings demanded an extra 3000 pounds of silver for the release of the archbishop[9], but Ælfheah bravely refused to be ransomed or have his people pay the invaders. As a consequence, Ælfheah was murdered by Thorkell's men during a drunken feast at Greenwich on April 19th 1012 - the Vikings pelted him with the bones of cattle before one Viking finished him off with a blow to the back of the head with the butt of an axe. Thorkell was said to have tried his best to prevent the death of the archbishop, offering the attackers everything he possessed to stop the killing, save for his ship.[10] Thorkell's army eventually ceased their attacks across Southern England, but only after a large series of danegeld payments were made, eventually culminating to 48,000 pounds of silver.[11][12] Disillusioned by the archbishop's murder, and sensing that he was losing control over his men, Thorkell and several other loyalists defected, taking 45 Viking ships with them.[13][14] He and his men subsequently entered into the service of the English King Æthelred the Unready as mercenaries, whom they fought under in 1013 against the invasion of Danish King Sweyn Forkbeard and his son Cnut.[15] After the death of Edmund Ironside on November 30th 1016, Cnut became king of England and he divided the country into four earldoms - making Thorkell the jarl of East Anglia.[16][17] It is unknown how Thorkell fell into Cnut's services, especially considering the former's role in opposing Cnut and his father's invasion of England in 1013, but it is assumed that Cnut considered him a valuable asset and powerful ally.[18] In 1021, for unknown reasons, Thorkell had a falling out with Cnut, with the former being banished by the king and returning to Denmark.[19][20] However, Cnut later reconciled with Thorkell in 1023, seemingly aware of the strong connections and influence he had in his home country and that he was too powerful a man to be made an enemy of.[21] As a result, he was granted earldom of Denmark and given custody of Cnut's son Harthacnut, to whom Thorkell would serve as foster-father.[22][23] However, Thorkell's rule was a short one, as Cnut's brother-in-law Ulf the Earl became jarl of Denmark only a year later[24][25] There is no mention of Thorkell after 1023, and he seems to have disappeared from the historical record.[26] It may be that he was simply too old for any more conflict, and the final years of his life spent at court, yet with no military commands. It may also be that he was cast out of the kingdom, to return to Jomsborg or Scania. Alternatively, he may have died soon after he was made Jarl of Denmark, presumably in 1024.[27] Modern influenceThe character of Thorkell in the Japanese manga series Vinland Saga is based off Thorkell the Tall.[28] In the series, Thorkell is a presented as a large, charismatic warrior with outstanding physical strength and a thirst for war. His motivation for siding with the English was less out of disillusionment with his own men following the murder of the archbishop of Canterbury (which is not depicted in the manga), and more so a desire to fight other Vikings as a greater challenge. He battles the protagonist Thorfinn twice, and later aligns himself with Prince Canute. References1. ^{{cite book | author= Peter Sawyer |title = The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings |location=London |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-285434-6 | page=75}} 2. ^{{cite book | author= Angelo Forte|title = Viking Empires |publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn= 0-521-82992-5 | page=190}} 3. ^{{cite book | author= Peter Sawyer |title = The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings |location=London |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-285434-6 | page=75}} 4. ^{{cite book | author= Christopher Wright|title = Kent through the years |publisher= Greenwood Press | isbn= 0-7134-2881-3 | page=55}} 5. ^The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 6. ^The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 7. ^{{cite book | author= Gabriel Turville-Petre|title = The Heroic Age of Scandinavia |location=London |publisher= Greenwood Press | isbn= 0-8371-8128-3 | page=142}} 8. ^The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 9. ^{{cite book | author= Angelo Forte|title = Viking Empires |publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn= 0-521-82992-5 | page=190}} 10. ^{{cite book | author= Gwyn Jones|title = A History of the Vikings |publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-280134-0 | page=367}} 11. ^{{cite book | author= Peter Sawyer |title = The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings |location=London |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-285434-6 | page=75}} 12. ^{{cite book | author= Gwyn Jones|title = A History of the Vikings |publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-280134-0 | page=367}} 13. ^{{cite book | author= Angelo Forte|title = Viking Empires |publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn= 0-521-82992-5 | page=190}} 14. ^{{cite book | author= Gwyn Jones|title = A History of the Vikings |publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-280134-0 | page=367}} 15. ^Howard, Ian, Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017, Boydell & Brewer (2003), pg. 44 16. ^{{cite book | author= Peter Sawyer |title = The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings |location=London |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-285434-6 | page=172}} 17. ^{{cite book | author= |title = The Viking World |publisher= Routledge | date=2012 | isbn= 978-0-415-69262-5 | page=665}} 18. ^{{cite book | author= Peter Sawyer |title = The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings |location=London |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-285434-6 | page=172}} 19. ^{{cite book | author= Johannes Brondsted |title = The Vikings |publisher= Penguin Books | date=1965 | isbn= 0-14-020459-8 | page=94}} 20. ^{{cite book | author= |title = The Viking World |publisher= Routledge | date=2012 | isbn= 978-0-415-69262-5 | page=665}} 21. ^{{cite book | author= Johannes Brondsted |title = The Vikings |publisher= Penguin Books | date=1965 | isbn= 0-14-020459-8 | page=94}} 22. ^{{cite book | author= Johannes Brondsted |title = The Vikings |publisher= Penguin Books | date=1965 | isbn= 0-14-020459-8 | page=94}} 23. ^{{cite book | author= |title = The Viking World |publisher= Routledge | date=2012 | isbn= 978-0-415-69262-5 | page=665}} 24. ^{{cite book | author= Gabriel Turville-Petre|title = The Heroic Age of Scandinavia |location=London |publisher= Greenwood Press | isbn= 0-8371-8128-3 | page=156}} 25. ^{{cite book | author= Johannes Brondsted |title = The Vikings |publisher= Penguin Books | date=1965 | isbn= 0-14-020459-8 | page=94}} 26. ^{{cite book | author= |title = The Viking World |publisher= Routledge | date=2012 | isbn= 978-0-415-69262-5 | page=665}} 27. ^{{cite book | author= Johannes Brondsted |title = The Vikings |publisher= Penguin Books | date=1965 | isbn= 0-14-020459-8 | page=94}} 28. ^{{cite book | last=Yukimura | first=Makoto | authorlink=Makoto Yukimura | title=Vinland Saga volume 3 | chapter=chapter 18 | publisher=Kodansha | series=Vinland Saga |year=2007 | isbn=}} Further reading
External links
Note{{owl}}{{s-start}}{{succession box|before=Ulfcytel Snillingr| title=Earl of East Anglia| years=1017–1021| after= ? }}{{s-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorkell The Tall}} 6 : Anglo-Norse people|Jomsvikings|Viking warriors|Earls and ealdormen of East Anglia|10th-century births|11th-century deaths |
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