| 词条 | The Cost of Knowledge |
| 释义 |
The Cost of Knowledge is a protest by academics against the business practices of academic journal publisher Elsevier. Among the reasons for the protests were a call for lower prices for journals and to promote increased open access to information. The main work of the project was to ask researchers to sign a statement committing not to support Elsevier journals by publishing, performing peer review, or providing editorial services for these journals. HistoryBefore the advent of the Internet, it was difficult for scholars to distribute articles giving their research results.[1] Historically, publishers performed services including proofreading, typesetting, copyediting, printing, and worldwide distribution.[1] In modern times, all researchers became expected to give the publishers digital copies of their work which needed no further processing – in other words, the modern academic is expected to do, often for free, duties traditionally assigned to the publisher, and for which, traditionally, the publisher is paid in exchange.[1] For digital distribution, printing was unnecessary, copying was free, and worldwide distribution happens online instantly.[1] Internet technology, and with it the aforementioned significant decrease in overhead costs, enabled the four major scientific publishers – Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and Informa — to cut their expenditures such that they could consistently generate gross margins on revenue of over 33%.[1] Topology journal dispute{{Main|Topology (journal)#Pricing dispute}}In 2006, the nine editorial board members of Oxford University's Elsevier-published mathematics journal Topology resigned because they agreed among themselves that Elsevier's publishing policies had "a significant and damaging effect on Topology{{'s}} reputation in the mathematical research community."[2] An Elsevier spokesperson disputed this, saying that "this still constitutes a pretty rare occurrence" and that the journal "is actually available today to more people than ever before".[2] Journalists recognize this event as part of the precedent to The Cost of Knowledge campaign.[3][9] In 2008, the Journal of Topology started independently of Elsevier, and Topology ended publication in 2009. A change from status quoOn 21 January 2012, the mathematician Timothy Gowers called for a boycott of Elsevier with a post[4] on his personal blog. This blog post attracted enough attention that other media sources commented on it as being part of the start of a movement.[5][6] The three reasons he cited for the boycott are high subscription prices for individual journals, bundling subscriptions to journals of different value and importance, and Elsevier's support for SOPA, the PROTECT IP Act, and the Research Works Act.[7][8][9] The "Statement of Purpose" on the Cost of Knowledge website explains that Elsevier was chosen as an initial focus for discontent due to a "widespread feeling among mathematicians that they are the worst offender." [10] The statement further mentions "scandals, lawsuits, lobbying, etc." as reasons for focusing on Elsevier.[10] Elsevier disputed the claims, arguing that their prices are below the industry average, and stating that bundling is only one of several different options available to buy access to Elsevier journals.[8] The company also claimed that its considerable profit margins are "simply a consequence of the firm's efficient operation".[7] Critics of Elsevier claim that in 2010, 36% of Elsevier's reported revenues of US$3.2 billion was profit.[11] Elsevier claimed to have an operating margin of 25.7% in 2010.[12] Impact and receptionA 2016 study evaluating the boycott has questioned its impact, stating that in the past four years 38% of signatories had abandoned their "won't publish in an Elsevier outlet" commitment and that only around 5000 researchers were still clearly boycotting Elsevier by publishing elsewhere. It concludes "Few researchers have signed the petition in recent years, thus giving the impression the boycott has run its course.".[13] In February 2012, analysts of the Exane Paribas bank reported a financial impact on Elsevier with the company's stock prices falling due to the boycott.[14] Dennis Snower criticised the monopoly of scientific publishers, but said at the same time that he did not support the boycott even though he himself is the editor-in-chief of an open-access journal on economics. He thinks that more competition among the various journals should instead be encouraged.[15] The Senate of the Kansas University has been reported to consider joining the boycott of Elsevier.[16] In allusion to the revolutions of the Arab Spring, the German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung daily newspaper called the movement the "Academic Spring" ({{lang-de|Akademischer Frühling}}).[17] When the British Wellcome Trust made a commitment to open up science, The Guardian similarly called this the "Academic Spring".[18] After the Wellcome Trust announcement, The Cost of Knowledge campaign was recognized by that newspaper as the start of something new.[19] WebsiteA website called "The Cost of Knowledge" appeared, inviting researchers and scholars to declare their commitment to not submit papers to Elsevier journals, not referee articles for Elsevier's journals, and not participate in the editorial boards. SignatoriesOn 8 February 2012, 34 prominent mathematicians who had signed The Cost of Knowledge released a joint statement of purpose explaining their reasons for supporting the protest.[20][21] In addition to Timothy Gowers, Ingrid Daubechies,[22] Juan J. Manfredi,[23] Terence Tao,[20] Wendelin Werner,[20]Scott Aaronson, László Lovász, and John Baez are among the signatories. Many signatories are researchers in the fields of mathematics, computer science, and biology.[24]On 1 February 2012, the declaration had a thousand signatories.[25] By November 2018, over 17000 researchers had signed the petition.[26] The success of the petition has been debated.[27] Reaction from ElsevierOn 27 February 2012, Elsevier issued a statement on its website that declared that it has withdrawn support from the Research Works Act.[28] Although the Cost of Knowledge movement was not mentioned, the statement indicated the hope that the move would "help create a less heated and more productive climate" for ongoing discussions with research funders. Hours after Elsevier's statement, Representatives Darrell Issa and Carolyn Maloney, who were sponsors of the bill, issued a joint statement saying that they would not push the bill in Congress.[29][30] Earlier, Mike Taylor of the University of Bristol accused Issa and Maloney of being motivated by large donations that they received from Elsevier in 2011.[31] While participants in the boycott celebrated the dropping of support for the Research Works Act, Elsevier denied that their action was a result of the boycott and stated that they took this action at the request of those researchers who did not participate in the boycott.[32] On the same day, Elsevier released an open letter to the mathematics community, stating that its target is to reduce its prices to $11/article or less.[30] Elsevier also opened the archives of 14 mathematics journals back to 1995 with a four-year moving wall.[30] In late 2012, Elsevier made all of its "primary mathematics" journals open access up to 2008.[33] The boycott remains in effect.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Mike|title=It's Not Academic: How Publishers Are Squelching Science Communication|journal=Discover|date=21 February 2012|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/02/21/its-not-academic-how-publishers-are-squelching-science-communication/|accessdate=22 February 2012}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.nysun.com/arts/rebellion-erupts-over-journals-of-academia/42317/ |title=A Rebellion Erupts Over Journals of Academia |first=Gary |last=Shapiro |work=The New York Sun |date=26 October 2006 |accessdate=25 February 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.nature.com/news/elsevier-boycott-gathers-pace-1.10010 |title=Elsevier boycott gathers pace |first=John |last=Whitfield |work=nature.com |date=9 February 2012 |accessdate=25 February 2012}} 4. ^See {{cite web | url = https://gowers.wordpress.com/2012/01/21/elsevier-my-part-in-its-downfall/ | title = Gowers's Weblog / Mathematics related discussions / Elsevier — my part in its downfall / | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6c5df7RxW | author = Sir William Timothy Gowers | authorlink = Timothy Gowers| date = 21 January 2012 | archivedate = 6 October 2015 | accessdate = 6 October 2015 | deadurl = no }} 5. ^{{cite web |url= http://the-scientist.com/2012/02/07/occupy-elsevier/ |title=Occupy Elsevier? |first=Bob |last=Grant |work=The Scientist |date=7 February 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}} 6. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/01/28/elseviers-publishing-model-might-be-about-to-go-up-in-smoke/ |title=Elsevier's Publishing Model Might be About to Go Up in Smoke |first=Tim |last=Worstall |work=forbes.com |date=28 January 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21545974 |title=Scientific publishing: The price of information |work=The Economist |author= |date=4 February 2012| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65VHxfKJ9|archivedate=16 February 2012|deadurl=no}} 8. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/feb/02/academics-boycott-publisher-elsevier |title=Scientists sign petition to boycott academic publisher Elsevier |first=Alison |last=Flood |work=The Guardian |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=GMG |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65VHiGo2Z|archivedate=16 February 2012|deadurl=no}} 9. ^{{cite web |url= http://chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/elsevier-publishing-boycott-gathers-steam-among-academics/35216 |title=Elsevier Publishing Boycott Gathers Steam Among Academics |first=Josh |last=Fischman |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education |date=30 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65VIHYC2S|archivedate=16 February 2012|deadurl=no}} 10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://gowers.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/elsevierstatementfinal.pdf|title=The Cost of Knowledge|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=7 Nov 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2012/02/12/why-scientists-are-boycotting-publisher/9sCpDEP7BkkX1INfakn3NL/story.html |title=Why scientists are boycotting a publisher – Opinion – The Boston Globe |first=Garret |last=Cook |work=bostonglobe.com |date=12 February 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}} 12. ^{{cite web |url= http://reports.reedelsevier.com/ar10/overview/2010-highlights.htm |title=2010 highlights |first= |last= |work=reports.reedelsevier.com |year=2012 |quote=operating margin |accessdate=17 February 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web |url= http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frma.2016.00007/full |title=On the Cost of Knowledge: Evaluating the Boycott against Elsevier|accessdate=25 November 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/oekonomie/nachrichten/teure-wissenschaft-forscher-boykottieren-fachverlag/6203330.html |title=Teure Wissenschaft: Forscher boykottieren Fachverlag |language=German |work=Handelsblatt |first=Olaf |last=Storbeck |date=14 February 2012 |accessdate=16 February 2012}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/oekonomie/nachrichten/dennis-snower-herausgeber-koennen-gott-spielen/6219698.html |title=Dennis Snower: 'Herausgeber können Gott spielen' |language=German |work=Handelsblatt |first=Olaf |last=Storbeck |date=13 February 2012 |accessdate=16 February 2012}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2012/feb/07/heard-hill-university-senate-considering-boycottin/ |title=Heard on the Hill: University Senate considering boycotting publisher Elsevier... |work=Lawrence Journal-World |first=Andy |last=Hyland |date=7 February 2012 |accessdate=16 February 2012}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/forschung-und-lehre/debatte-um-wissenschaftsverlag-akademischer-fruehling-11649380.html |title=Debatte um Wissenschaftsverlag: Akademischer Frühling |language=German |first=Philip |last=Plickert |date=14 February 2012 |accessdate=16 February 2012}} 18. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/apr/09/wellcome-trust-academic-spring?newsfeed=true |title=Wellcome Trust joins 'academic spring' to open up science | Science | The Guardian |first=Alok |last=Jha |work=The Guardian |date=9 April 2012 |publisher=GMG |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |accessdate=22 April 2012}} 19. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/apr/22/academic-publishing-monopoly-challenged |title=Academic publishing doesn't add up |first=John |last= Naughton |work=The Guardian |date=21 April 2012 |publisher=GMG |location=London |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |quote=academic sp |accessdate=22 April 2012}} 20. ^1 2 {{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/science/researchers-boycott-elsevier-journal-publisher.html?_r=1 |title=Researchers Boycott Elsevier Journal Publisher |first=Thomas |last=Lin |work=The New York Times |date=13 February 2012 |location=New York |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=15 February 2012}} 21. ^{{cite web |url= http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2012/02/08/a-statement-on-the-cost-of-knowledge-declaration/ |title=A statement on the cost of knowledge declaration « What's new |first=Terence |last=Tao |work=terrytao.wordpress.com |date=8 February 2012 |accessdate=15 February 2012}} 22. ^{{cite web |url= http://today.duke.edu/2012/02/elsevierboycott |title=Duke Scholars Join Boycott Against Elsevier |first=Ashley |last=Yeager |work=today.duke.edu |date=14 February 2012 |accessdate=15 February 2012}} 23. ^{{cite web |url= http://mhpbooks.com/49997/furor-over-elsevier-escalates/ |title= Furor over Elsevier escalates |first=Dennis |last=Johnson |work=mhpbooks.com |date=15 February 2012 |accessdate=15 February 2012}} 24. ^{{cite web |url= http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/The-Cost-of-Knowledge-Versus-Elsevier--Signatures-and-Growing-80575.asp |title=The Cost of Knowledge Versus Elsevier: 5,600 Signatures and Growing |first=Robin |last=Peek |work=Information Today, Inc. |date=13 February 2012 |accessdate=13 February 2012}} 25. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-13/bard-motorola-medicaid-bullfrog-intellectual-property-1-.html |title=Bard, Motorola, Medicaid, Bullfrog: Intellectual Property |first=Victoria |last=Slind-Flor |work=bloomberg.com |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=13 February 2012}} 26. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.thecostofknowledge.com/ |title=The Cost of Knowledge|accessdate=25 November 2016}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/93138f3e-87d6-11e5-90de-f44762bf9896.html#axzz3sQIVespz|title=Elsevier leads the business the internet could not kill|work=Financial Times|accessdate=25 November 2015}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=Elsevier Backs Down as Boycott Grows|url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120227/04092817887/elsevier-backs-down-removes-support-research-works-act-as-elsevier-boycott-grows.shtml|accessdate=29 February 2012}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Sponsors and Supporters Back Away from Research Works Act|url=http://www.arl.org/sparc/media/sponsors-and-supporters-back-away-from-research-wo.shtml|accessdate=29 February 2012}} 30. ^1 2 {{cite web|first=Jacob|last=Aron|title=Elsevier vows to keep price of mathematics journals low|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2012/02/elsevier-announces-changes-to.html|work=New Scientist}} 31. ^{{cite news |title=Academic publishers have become the enemies of science |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jan/16/academic-publishers-enemies-science |accessdate=29 February 2012 | location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Mike |last=Taylor |date=16 January 2012}} 32. ^{{cite web |url= http://chronicle.com/article/Legislation-to-Bar/130949/ |title=Legislation to Bar Public-Access Requirement on Federal Research Is Dead |first=Jennifer |last=Howard |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education |date=27 February 2012 |accessdate=28 February 2012}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/physical-sciences/mathematics/archived-articles |title=Free access to archived articles of primary mathematics journals|accessdate= 23 February 2015}} External links
7 : 2012 protests|Boycotts of organizations|Elsevier|Open access (publishing)|Open science|Pricing controversies|Intellectual property activism |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。