| 词条 | Thurrock | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Thurrock |other_name=Borough of Thurrock |native_name= |nickname= |motto= |settlement_type=Borough & Unitary authority area |image_skyline=Lakeside Shopping Centre eastern entrance.JPG |imagesize=240px |image_caption=Lakeside Shopping Centre |image_flag= |flag_size= |image_seal= |seal_size= |image_shield= |shield_size= |image_blank_emblem= |blank_emblem_type=Thurrock Council |blank_emblem_size=150px |image_map=Thurrock UK locator map.svg |mapsize=200px |map_caption=Shown within Essex |image_map1= |mapsize1= |map_caption1= |image_dot_map= |dot_mapsize= |dot_map_caption= |dot_x=|dot_y= |pushpin_map= |pushpin_label_position= |pushpin_map_caption= |pushpin_mapsize= |subdivision_type=Country |subdivision_name=United Kingdom |subdivision_type1=Constituent country |subdivision_name1=England |subdivision_type2=Region |subdivision_name2=East |subdivision_type3=Ceremonial County |subdivision_name3=Essex |subdivision_type4= |subdivision_name4= |seat_type= |seat= |parts_type= |parts_style= |p1= |p2= |government_footnotes= | governing_body = Thurrock Council |leader_title=Leadership |leader_name=Leader & Cabinet[1] |leader_title1=Executive |leader_name1=Conservative Administration, (Council NOC) |leader_title2=MPs |leader_name2=Jackie Doyle-Price (C) Stephen Metcalfe (C) |leader_title3= Leader of the Council |leader_name3= Cllr Robert Gledhill (C) |leader_title4=Mayor of Thurrock |leader_name4= Cllr Tunde Ojetola (C) |established_title= |established_date= |established_title1= |established_date1= |established_title2= |established_date2= |established_title3= |established_date3= |founder= |named_for= |area_magnitude= |unit_pref= |area_footnotes= |area_total_km2=163.38 |area_land_km2= |area_water_km2= |area_total_dunam= |area_total_sq_mi= |area_land_sq_mi= |area_water_sq_mi= |area_water_percent= |area_urban_km2= |area_urban_sq_mi= |area_metro_km2= |area_metro_sq_mi= |area_blank1_title= |area_blank1_km2= |area_blank1_sq_mi= |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m= |elevation_ft= |elevation_max_m= |elevation_max_ft= |elevation_min_m= |elevation_min_ft= |population_as_of= |population_footnotes= |population_note= |population_total=Ranked {{English district rank|GSS=E06000034}} {{English district population|GSS=E06000034}} |population_density_km2={{English district density|GSS=E06000034}} |population_density_sq_mi= |population_metro= |population_density_metro_km2= |population_density_metro_sq_mi= |population_urban= |population_density_urban_km2= |population_density_urban_sq_mi= |population_blank1_title=Ethnicity[3] |population_blank1=80.9% White British 4.9% Other White 3.8% Asian 7.8% Black 2.0% Mixed Race 0.6% other |population_density_blank1_km2= |population_density_blank1_sq_mi= |timezone=GMT |utc_offset= |timezone_DST=British Summer Time |utc_offset_DST= |coor_type= |coordinates = {{coord|51|30|00|N|0|25|00|E|region:GB|display=inline}} |postal_code_type= |postal_code= |area_code= |twin1=Sopot |twin1_country=Poland |twin2= |twin2_country= |twin3= |twin3_country= |twin4= |twin4_country= |twin5= |twin5_country= |twin6= |twin6_country= |twin7= |twin7_country= |blank_name=Grid reference |blank_info= |blank1_name=ONS code |blank1_info=00KG (ONS) E06000034 (GSS) |blank2_name= |blank2_info= |blank3_name= |blank3_info= |blank4_name= |blank4_info= |blank5_name= |blank5_info= |blank6_name= |blank6_info= |website=www.thurrock.gov.uk |footnotes= }} Thurrock ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|ʌr|ə|k}}) is a unitary authority area with borough status in the English ceremonial county of Essex. It is part of the London commuter belt and an area of regeneration within the Thames Gateway redevelopment zone. The local authority is Thurrock Council. The boroughIt lies on the River Thames just to the east of London. With over {{convert|18|mi}} of riverfront it covers an area of {{convert|64|sqmi}}, with more than half defined as Green Belt. With Greater London to the west and the river to the south, the county of Essex abuts the Borough to the north and east, and across the river lies Kent. PoliticsThe local authority is Thurrock Council. Elections are held 3 out of every 4 years. In 2016, the Conservative Party took control of the council, albeit as a minority-party administration. Thurrock is covered by two parliamentary constituencies. Thurrock includes most of the borough while South Basildon and East Thurrock includes some wards in the east of the borough. Both seats were Conservative gains from Labour at the 2010 general election. The Council is led by Cllr Rob Gledhill (C) as of May 2016. The Mayor is Cllr Barbara Rice (L). Land useThurrock has a population of 157,500[4] people living in 90,500 homes. The Metropolitan Green Belt covers 70% of the borough. There are {{convert|494|acres|ha}} of land available for industrial use.[5] There are seven conservation areas, 19 scheduled ancient monuments, including the dovecote at High House Purfleet, and 239 listed buildings. The borough contains ten sites of special scientific interest:
Despite much of the borough being protected Green Belt land, Thurrock provides localised opportunities for further industrial and commercial development. The borough forms part of the Thames Gateway regeneration area, a corridor of opportunity that has been identified by central government as the area with greatest development and commercial potential in the country. Thurrock Development Corporation took over much of the borough's planning functions from its creation in 2005 until its demise in March 2011. Much of the population and commercial activity is centred along the riverfront. This includes many large and important industrial sites, including two large oil refineries, manufacturing industries, a container port, cruise liner terminal, distribution warehousing and one of Britain's largest refuse disposal sites at the appropriately named settlement of Mucking. Thurrock is also home to the Lakeside Shopping Centre. AttractionsThere is one multiplex cinema attached to the Lakeside Shopping Centre, and the Thameside Theatre in Grays. Live shows are held at the Circus Tavern in Purfleet. Open space includes Chafford Gorges Nature Park, Langdon Hills Country Park and Grove House Wood, managed by Essex Wildlife Trust. Museums and historic buildings include Coalhouse Fort at East Tilbury, Tilbury Fort in Tilbury, Purfleet Heritage and Military Centre, High House, Purfleet with its historic farm buildings, the Royal Opera House's Bob and Tamar Manoukian Production Workshop, The Backstage Centre and ACME artists' studios, Thurrock Museum and Walton Hall Farm Museum. Next to Lakeside Shopping Centre is Arena Essex, a motor sports complex, where speedway, banger and stock car racing takes place. Thurrock in BloomThurrock in Bloom is a voluntary group that works in partnership with Thurrock Council and co-sponsors such as Sandown Nursery and Elm Horticulture to promote floral displays. It is part of a more general "in bloom" initiative organised by the Royal Horticultural Society.[6] The Thurrock initiative includes an annual competition[7] and sponsorship of roundabouts.[8] Award winners include Woodside Primary School which has received silver and gold awards for its wildlife garden. HistoryMammoths once grazed in the Thurrock area[9] and archaeologists recently unearthed the remains of a jungle cat. Man has been in the area since prehistoric times[9] and the land has been farmed by the Romans[9] and Anglo-Saxons[9] Thurrock has numerous archaeological sites including the major excavation at Mucking. Horndon-on-the-Hill was the site of an 11th century mint as well as the 15th century woolmarket which gives an indication of the area's wealth in the 15th century. The narrowing of the river where Tilbury now stands meant it was important in the defence of London, and Henry VIII built three blockhouses, two on the Tilbury side and another on the Gravesend side of the river, following the end of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In 1381, villagers from Fobbing, Mucking and Stanford-le-Hope instigated the Peasant's Revolt when they were called to Brentwood to pay the poll tax. When they refused to pay, a riot ensued which was the catalyst for a mass protest across Essex and Kent. Later, in 1588 Elizabeth I addressed her troops not far from the Tilbury blockhouse as the Spanish Armada sailed up the English Channel. Between 1670 and 1682, the Tilbury blockhouse was substantially rebuilt into a much larger fortification (Tilbury Fort) and Coalhouse Fort was built further down river, close to the second blockhouse. The importance of the forts in defending the country continued through Napoleonic times and into the two world wars. The land where Tilbury Town now stands was farmland and marsh grazing until the building of the docks in the 1890s. Thurrock includes the Bata village, built for workers of the shoe company in 1933. Eight homes and the factory are listed. Historically, the area was renowned for mineral extraction, including clay, aggregates and notably the digging of huge amounts of chalk from the West Thurrock area for use in the now defunct cement industries. When chalk extraction ceased one of the disused pits was redeveloped as Lakeside Shopping Centre. A number of former pits have been used to form the Chafford Gorges Nature Reserve, managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust.[10] The present-day borough of Thurrock was created in 1974 from the former area of Thurrock Urban District. The Local Government Act 1972 left the boundaries mostly untouched, although part of it, in Basildon New Town, was ceded to the Basildon district and the district gained borough status.[11] It was given administrative independence from Essex County Council on 1 April 1998 by The Essex (Boroughs of Colchester, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock and District of Tendring) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996. It remains part of Essex for ceremonial purposes such as lord-lieutenancy. Captain KiddThe body of Captain Kidd was displayed in Thurrock. He had been convicted of piracy and hanged on 23 May 1701, at 'Execution Dock', Wapping. His body was gibbeted — left to hang in an iron cage over the Thames at Tilbury Point[12] — as a warning to future would-be pirates for twenty years. Some sources give the location that his body was exhibited as Tilbury Ness, but this may be an alternative name for the same place. There is some uncertainty as to whether his body was displayed at what is now called Coalhouse Point or at a site a few hundred yards up stream, close to the present Tilbury Docks.[13] 1953 FloodsOn 31 January 1953, the low-lying areas of Thurrock were inundated by the North Sea flood of 1953. The Van den Berghs and Jurgens margarine factory, which manufactured Stork margarine, was forced to stop production for many months. Since the output of this factory constituted one third of the country's ration allocation, this led to a severe strain on the supply of margarine in the UK.[14] Most schools in Thurrock were closed, either as a direct result of the flooding or in order to use them to help the relief effort. More than 1300 people in Tilbury and other low-lying areas were evacuated to schools on the higher ground.[15] Chadwell St Mary Primary school was used as the main welfare centre for the homeless.[16] By 15 February, most schools had returned to normal. The last to resume were the Landsdowne school in Tilbury and the newly opened Woodside Primary School - then called Tyrell Heath School.[17] On Friday 13 February, the flooded areas were visited by the young Queen Elizabeth II[15] Despite severe loss of life in nearby Canvey Island, only one person in Thurrock died as a result of the floods.[18] Heritage plaquesIn 2002, a partnership between Thurrock Council, Thurrock Heritage Forum and the Thurrock Local History Society began an initiative to place heritage plaques marking the famous people, events and organisations associated with Thurrock.[19] By June 2013 there were plaques to:
Culture and filmThurrock has been the scene of several major films.[22] St Clement's Church and street scenes at West Thurrock were used in the making of the film Four Weddings and a Funeral. Thurrock can also be seen in 28 Days Later. Scenes from the films Alfie (2004), and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade were shot at Tilbury docks. The opening scenes from Batman Begins (2005) were shot at Coalhouse Fort in East Tilbury. Some filming also took place for the film Essex Boys in and around the Bata estate at East Tilbury. The State Cinema where Eddie met Roger in the classic Who Framed Roger Rabbit can be found in Grays. Art Deco architecture in ThurrockChadwell St Mary has one of the few examples of a "Sunspan" house designed by the architect Wells Coates. Although built in the 1950s, Woodside Primary School's architecture has been described as the slightly earlier "ocean liner" style of Art Deco. The building features a number of bricked curves and circular windows, while the wrought-iron banisters on the stairs are deliberately set to lean out at an angle. Demographics{{Historical populations|width = 10em |shading = off |1911 |2500 |1951 |82100 |1961 |114300 |1971 |125000 |1981 |127400 |1985 |124600 |1991 |128700 |1995 |133400 |2001 |143300 |2005 |148900 |2007 |152200 |2011 |158300 |footnote= All totals rounded to nearest hundred |source = Populstat & NOMIS }} At the census of 2011, there were 157,705 people, 62,353 households and 45,985 families residing in the borough. The population density was 9.7 people per hectare. There were 63,869 housing units. The racial makeup of the borough was 86% White, 3.8% Asian, 7.8% Black, 2% Mixed Race, 0.6% other. There were 62,353 households out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.7% were married couples living together, 52.5% of all households were made up of individuals, 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[25] The median age in the borough was 42. 25.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% of residents were between the ages of 19 and 24; 30.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; and 38.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.6% female.[25] Education{{See also|List of schools in Thurrock}}Schools in Thurrock include the Ockendon Academy, Harris Academy Chafford Hundred, Gable Hall School, Gateway Academy, Grays Convent High School, William Edwards School & Sports College, Hathaway Academy, Deneholm Primary, Little Thurrock Primary, Quarry Hill Infant and Junior, St Thomas Of Canterbury Catholic Primary, Stifford Clays Infant and Junior, Stifford Primary, Thameside Infant and Junior School, Tudor Court Primary School, Warren Primary School, Chafford Hundred Primary School, Woodside Primary School (which was opened in 1952 as Tyrell's Infant and Junior Schools, the names being changed to avoid confusion with the neighbouring Torell's Secondary School; the schools were later amalgamated into one primary school) and Treetops School. The local sixth form college is Palmer's College, whilst other colleges in Thurrock include South Essex College (Thurrock Campus) and Thurrock Adult Community College, and recently the Stanford and Corringham Sixth Form Centre was opened, as a joint sixth form college between Gable Hall School, Hassenbrook Specialist Technology College and St Clere's School. PartnershipsThe Tilbury and Chadwell St Mary Excellence Cluster.[26] brings together Chadwell St Mary Primary School, Corringham Primary School, Grays Convent High School, Hassenbrook Academy, Herringham Primary School, Landsdowne Primary School, Manor Infant School, Manor Junior School, St Mary's RC Primary School, Woodside Primary School and The Gateway Academy. Senior members of the schools councils also sit on the cluster's student council. Gable Hall School has had a long partnership with Pro Arte Alphen Park School in Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa for almost 10 years - the two schools have held exchange programmes with each other and the students sampling life in each other's respective countries. Woodside Primary is linked with a school in Nepal, through the charity Gorkha Learning for Life, which was founded by a member of school staff.[27] Transport{{National Rail in Thurrock}}Being both on the river and close to London, Thurrock is served with good communication links. The M25 London Orbital Motorway, the railway line between Southend and London Fenchurch Street which provides direct access to Central London and, eventually, Stratford International Station, the Port of Tilbury and the nearby London City Airport make Thurrock an important international trade centre. There is a grass airstrip south of Bulphan village. A ferry for passengers on foot connects Tilbury with Gravesend on the southern bank of the River Thames. Rail transport in the borough is provided by c2c with stations at:
Bus services within the Thurrock urban area are mostly provided by Ensignbus.
Other operators are First, Stagecoach and Imperial bus co. EconomyThis is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Thurrock at current basic prices published[28] (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
Sport and leisureThurrock has several Non-League football clubs in the area:
Thurrock Yacht Club is based in the centre of Grays on the Thames foreshore, and offers a range of competitive and recreational boating opportunities. List of places in the borough
Historic buildings
ClimateClimate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[33] {{Weather box|location = Thurrock |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 46 |Feb high F = 46 |Mar high F = 52 |Apr high F = 54 |May high F = 61 |Jun high F = 64 |Jul high F = 70 |Aug high F = 72 |Sep high F = 64 |Oct high F = 57 |Nov high F = 50 |Dec high F = 46 |year high F = 57 |Jan low F = 41 |Feb low F = 39 |Mar low F = 43 |Apr low F = 43 |May low F = 50 |Jun low F = 54 |Jul low F = 59 |Aug low F = 59 |Sep low F = 54 |Oct low F = 50 |Nov low F = 43 |Dec low F = 41 |year low F = 48 |Jan precipitation days = 13 |Feb precipitation days = 11 |Mar precipitation days = 10 |Apr precipitation days = 11 |May precipitation days = 8 |Jun precipitation days = 10 |Jul precipitation days= 9 |Aug precipitation days = 5 |Sep precipitation days = 11 |Oct precipitation days = 10 |Nov precipitation days = 9 |Dec precipitation days = 10 |year precipitation days = 117 |source 1 = Weatherbase [34] |date=July 2013 }} References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thurrock.gov.uk/cabinet/cabinet-and-its-members|title=The Cabinet and its members | Cabinet | Thurrock Council|website=www.thurrock.gov.uk}} 2. ^ 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ukcensusdata.com/thurrock-e06000034|title=Thurrock - UK Census Data 2011|first=Good Stuff IT|last=Services|website=UK Census Data}} 4. ^{{cite web|author=Neighbourhood Statistics |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275283&c=thurrock&d=13&e=61&g=6395496&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1373049325485&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 |title=Check Browser Settings |publisher=Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-07-05}} 5. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029021726/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/planning/strategic/content.php?page=factsheet_01 |date=29 October 2012 }} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/britaininbloom/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417071512/http://www.rhs.org.uk/britaininbloom/index.html|deadurl=y|title=Britain in Bloom|archivedate=17 April 2010}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/cleanstreets/inbloom/|title=Overview - Thurrock in Bloom - Thurrock Council|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123071145/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/cleanstreets/inbloom/|archivedate=23 January 2010|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^Roundabout sponsorship 9. ^1 2 3 Catton, Jonathan, A Short History of Thurrock in {{cite book|title=Exploring Thurrock|publisher=Thurrock Local History Society|year=2008|editor=Christopher Harrold}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.essexfieldclub.org.uk/resource/Introduction%20to%20the%20geology%20of%20Essex|title=The Geology of Essex}} 11. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205203009/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/museum/content.php?page=crest |date=5 December 2007 }} 12. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_piracy.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612082349/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_piracy.htm |archive-date=12 June 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608211536/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=8|deadurl=y|title=Captain Kidd - the Tilbury connection|archivedate=8 June 2011}} 14. ^{{cite book|title=The Great Tide|first=Hilda|last=Grieve|year=1959|publisher=Essex County Council|page=466}} 15. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/safety/floods/content.php?page=1953_aftermath|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305154939/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/safety/floods/content.php?page=1953_aftermath|deadurl=y|title=1953 Floods|archivedate=5 March 2010}} 16. ^Grieve, 1959, page 600 17. ^Grieve, 1959, page 616 18. ^Grieve, 1959, page 568 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thurrock-community.org.uk/historysoc/plaques.html|title=Thurrock Council|publisher=}} 20. ^Thurrock Yellow Advertiser, 26 April 2012 21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourthurrock.com/2013/06/14/commemorating-the-norman-knight-henry-de-grey/|title=Commemorating the Norman knight, Henry de Grey|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=14 June 2013}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=44|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608210532/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=44|deadurl=y|title=Thurrock Heritage Fact File|archivedate=8 June 2011}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-119858-riverside-station-including-floating-lan|title=Riverside Station (Including Floating Landing Stage) - Tilbury - Thurrock - England - British Listed Buildings|author=Good Stuff|publisher=}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/news/13718230.Pub_chain_JD_Wetherspoon_confirm_purchase_of_State_Cinema/?ref=mr&lp=4|title=Pub chain JD Wetherspoon confirm purchase of State Cinema|work=Thurrock Gazette}} 25. ^1 {{cite web|author=Neighbourhood Statistics |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDatasetList.do?a=7&b=6275283&c=thurrock&d=13&g=6395496&i=1001x1003x1032&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1373049144141&enc=1&domainId=61 |title=Check Browser Settings |publisher=Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-07-05}} 26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/education/schools/content.php?page=excellence|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430223949/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/education/schools/content.php?page=excellence|deadurl=y|title=Tilbury and Chadwell St Mary Excellence Cluster|archivedate=30 April 2010}} 27. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.gorkhalearning.org/volunteers-staff.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311235920/http://www.gorkhalearning.org/volunteers-staff.asp|deadurl=y|title=Gorkha Learning for Life|archivedate=11 March 2010}} 28. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728091019/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |date=28 July 2011 }} 29. ^Components may not sum to totals due to rounding 30. ^includes hunting and forestry 31. ^includes energy and construction 32. ^includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=591303&cityname=Thurrock%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&units=|title=Thurrock, England Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|work=Weatherbase}} 34. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=591303&cityname=Thurrock-England|publisher=Weatherbase|title=Weatherbase.com|year=2013}}Retrieved on 5 July 2013. External links
6 : Thurrock|Local government in Essex|Unitary authority districts of England|Local authorities adjoining the River Thames|Local government districts of the East of England|Port of London |
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