| 词条 | The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine |
| 释义 |
| name = The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine | image = Pappe - The Ethnic Cleancing of Palestine.jpg | author = Ilan Pappé | country = Israel | language = English | genre = History | published = 2006 (Oneworld Publications) | media_type = Print | pages = 313 pp | isbn = 978-1-85168-555-4 }} The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine is a book authored by New Historian Ilan Pappé and published in 2006 by One World Oxford. During the 1948 Palestine war, around 720,000 Palestinian Arabs out of the 900,000 who lived in the territories that became Israel fled or were expelled from their homes. The causes of this exodus are controversial and debated by historians. In his own words, Ilan Pappé "want[s] to make the case for the paradigm of ethnic cleansing and use[s] it to replace the paradigm of war as the basis for the scholarly research of, and public debate about, 1948."[1] The thesis of the book is that the forced move of Palestinians to the Arab world was an objective of the Zionist movement and a must for the desired character of the Jewish state. According to Pappé, the 1948 Palestinian exodus resulted from a planned ethnic cleansing of Palestine that was implemented by the Zionist movement leaders, mainly David Ben-Gurion and the other ten members of his "consultancy group" as referred to by Pappé. The book argues that the ethnic cleansing was put into effect through systematic expulsions of about 500 Arab villages, as well as terrorist attacks executed mainly by members of the Irgun and Haganah troops against the civilian population. Ilan Pappé also refers to Plan Dalet and to the village files as a proof of the planned expulsions.[2] BackgroundThe idea that the 1948 events were the results of a planned expulsion had already been suggested by historians Walid Khalidi in Plan Dalet: The Zionist Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine (1961) and Nur-eldeen Masalha in Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought (1991). Yoav Gelber published an answer criticizing the interpretation of Plan D made by Walid Khalidi and Ilan Pappé: History and Invention. Was Plan D a Blueprint for Ethnic Cleansing ? (2006)[3] Benny Morris proposed several interpretations. The conclusion of his main work on the topic The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem (1989) is that the exodus was the "result of war, not intent". Nevertheless, he stated later that "[i]n retrospect, it is clear that what occurred in 1948 in Palestine was a variety of ethnic cleansing of Arab areas by Jews. It is impossible to say how many of the 700,000 or so Palestinians who became refugees in 1948 were physically expelled, as distinct from simply fleeing a combat zone."[4] In an interview to Ha'aretz in 2004, he also defended the idea that having performed an ethnic cleansing in 1948 had been a better choice for the Jews than living a genocide.[5] In his last book about the 1948 War: 1948: A History the First Arab-Israeli War (2006), he nuanced all this and stated that "[d]uring the 1948 War, (...) although there were expulsions and although an atmosphere of what would later be called ethnic cleansing prevailed during critical months, transfer never became a general or declared Zionist policy. Thus, by war's end, even though much of the country had been "cleansed" of Arabs, other parts of the country -notably central Galilee- were left with substantial Muslim Arab populations (...).".[6] More recently, Rosemarie Esber in Under the cover of war (2008) concurs with Ilan Pappé and brings new arguments from British documents to support the thesis that the exodus had been planned by the Yishuv leaders. Critical receptionAnalysis in peer-reviewed journalsBen Gurion University professor Uri Ram's review in the Middle East Journal concluded that "Pappe provides here a most important and daring book that challenges head-on Israeli historiography" as well as "collective memory and even more importantly Israeli conscience".[7]Jørgen Jensehaugen, in the Journal of Peace Research, while calling the book "a good read", faults Pappé for claiming that the preplanned expulsion of Palestinians was "the reason for the war", rather than merely "one aspect of the various war plans".[8] Ephraim Nimni, in the Journal of Palestine Studies, commends Pappé on the book's "polemical character", but claims that the Zionist leaders were not solely responsible for the ethnic cleansing: {{quote|Consequently, even if Pappé’s chronology is correct, and there is no reason to doubt this, the book does not provide a sufficient explanation for the ethnic cleansing of Palestine. No matter how meticulous the planning by the leaders of the Yishuv (settlers) was, it would have been to no avail without an unusual concatenation of international events (the genocide of European Jewry, the onset of the cold war, the closing of liberal democratic gates to Jewish refugees, the emancipation of colonies in North Africa, and last but not least the hegemony of the model of the ethnic nation-state as the only available avenue for national emancipation).[9]}}Ahmad H. Sa'di, in International Affairs, "highly recommended" the book.[10] Seth J. Frantzman, writing in the Middle East Quarterly, states "[Pappé] is blinded by his need to fit events into a preferred narrative, and what little new evidence he includes does not persuade when considered in the context of historical events—a context that Pappé rigorously obscures."[11] Mainstream media responsesCritical analysis appeared in The New Republic. In his review of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, fellow 'new historian' Benny Morris wrote, "At best, Ilan Pappe must be one of the world's sloppiest historians; at worst, one of the most dishonest. In truth, he probably merits a place somewhere between the two." Morris argued, "Such distortions, large and small, characterize almost every page of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine."[12] Ian Black, The Guardians Middle East editor reviewed it, calling it a "catalogue of intimidation, expulsion and atrocity".[13] He also pointed out that Pappé "does historical understanding a disservice by all but ignoring the mood and motives of the Jews, so soon after the end of a war in which six million had been exterminated by the Nazis.{{Quote|Emphasis apart, it is hard to say what is new in his account. The scheme discussed at the Tel Aviv meeting, Plan Dalet, has been known about for years. It has long been clear that the Palestinians were not, as used to be claimed, encouraged to leave their homes "temporarily" by Arab leaders. The fledgling Israeli state was not invaded, as the old David and Goliath narrative goes, by five Arab armies. Egypt attacked in the south and Jordanian and Iraqi troops entered the territory allotted to the Palestinians by the UN. Ethnic cleansing in Palestine is Israel's "original sin" laid bare - but without any mitigating circumstances.}}David Pryce-Jones, writing in the Literary Review calls Pappé "an Israeli academic who has made his name by hating Israel and everything it stands for".[14]{{Quote|To him, Israeli politicians and soldiers, one and all, are so many murderers. Forests have been planted only to cover up the past. Houses are ˜monstrous villas and palaces for rich American Jews". Everything Israeli is ugly, everything Palestinian is beautiful. For evidence of Israeli monstrosity, he relies on quotations from his own previous works or from Palestinian polemicists, and above all on the oral testimonies of Palestinian refugees. Over half a century of military and ideological conflict has passed since their exodus, but Pappe declares his faith that whatever they now say is true.}}Stephen Howe, professor of the history of colonialism at Bristol University, said that Pappé's book was an often compelling mixture of historical argument and politico-moral tract. According to Howe, while the book will not be the final word on the events of 1948, it is "a major intervention in an argument that will, and must, continue".[15] Criticism of Pappe's TranslationsHistorian Benny Morris accuses Pappe's translations of primary sources from the Hebrew as inaccuracies, characterizing them as "perversion", "distortion," and "willful omission" of qualifiers in his translations as “driven by something other than linguistic and historiographical accuracy."[12] See also{{Portal|Books|Israel|Palestine}}
Footnotes1. ^Pappé (2006), Preface xvii 2. ^Ilan Pappé (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld Oxford. {{ISBN|978-1-85168-555-4}} 3. ^Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948, Appendix I, Sussex Academic Press, 2006 4. ^Benny Morris, 1948 Arab-Israeli War {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129173133/http://www.crimesofwar.org/a-z-guide/arab-israeli-war/ |date=2014-01-29 }}, Crimes of War. 5. ^'""Survival of the fittest", Ha'aretz, 2004. 6. ^Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab=Israeli War (2008), pp.407-408. 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ram|first1=Uri|title=The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine|journal=Middle East Journal|date=2008|volume=62|issue=1|pages=150–2}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Jensehaugen|first1=Jørgen|title= The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine|journal=Journal of Peace Research|date=January 2008|volume=45|issue=1|page=124|doi=10.1177/00223433080450010810}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Nimni|first1=Ephraim|title=Point of Departure|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|date=2010|volume=39|issue=3|pages=83–4|doi=10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.3.83}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sa'di|first1=Ahmad H.|title=The ethnic cleansing of Palestine|journal=International Affairs|date=November 2007|volume=86|issue=6|pages=1219–20}} 11. ^{{citeweb|last=Frantzmann|first=Seth J.|url=http://www.meforum.org/1886/the-ethnic-cleansing-of-palestine|title=Flunking History|publisher=The Middle East Quarterly|date=Spring 2008|accessdate=2014-08-11}} 12. ^1 Benny Morris. [https://newrepublic.com/article/books/magazine/85344/ilan-pappe-sloppy-dishonest-historian The Liar as Hero], MARCH 17, 2011 13. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/17/politics Divided Loyalties February 17, 2007] 14. ^Raus Mit Uns {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101042747/http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/pryce-jones_11_06.html |date=2006-11-01 }} David Pryce-Jones Literary Review 15. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-ethnic-cleansing-of-palestine-by-ilan-pappe-425487.html The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, by Ilan Pappe (The Independent, November 24, 2006)] References{{refbegin}}
External links
7 : 2006 non-fiction books|21st-century history books|Books about the Arab–Israeli conflict|Books by Ilan Pappé|Books critical of Israel|History books about Israel|Israeli–Palestinian conflict books |
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