| 词条 | Tianjin dialect | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Tianjin dialect | nativename = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|天津话}}}} {{lang|zh-Latn|Tiānjīn Huà}} | states = People's Republic of China | region = City of Tianjin | speakers = Approx. 6 million est. | ref = {{citation needed|date=July 2013}} | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | fam2 = Chinese | fam3 = Mandarin | fam4 = Jilu Mandarin | glotto = tian1238 | glottorefname = Tianjin Mandarin | isoexception = dialect | iso6 = tjin | notice = IPA }} Tianjin dialect ({{Zh|s=天津话|t=天津話|p=Tiānjīn Huà}}) is a Mandarin dialect spoken in the city of Tianjin, China. It is comprehensible to speakers of other Mandarin dialects, though its greatest deviation from the others lies in its individual tones, and the lack of retroflex consonants. The regional characteristics make the dialect an important part of the Tianjin city identity, and sharply contrasts with the dialect of nearby Beijing, despite relatively similar phonology. CharacteristicsThe Tianjin dialect is classified under Jilu Mandarin, a subdivision of Mandarin Chinese dialects also spoken in Hebei and Shandong provinces.[1] Despite Tianjin being a neighbour of Beijing, its dialect sounds very different from Beijing dialect, which is the basis for Standard Chinese. The tones of Tianjin dialect correspond to those of Beijing dialect (and hence Standard Chinese) as follows:
The differences are minor except for the first tone: Where it is high and level in Beijing, it is low and falling in Tianjin. All words with the first tone, including the name "Tianjin", are affected, giving the Tianjin dialect a downward feel to people from Beijing. Tianjin dialect also includes four tone sandhi rules, more than the Beijing dialect. Here they are:
There are some other patterns that differentiate Tianjin dialect from the Beijing dialect. One is the pronunciation of 饿 (餓) as wò (臥) instead of è. Lastly, the Tianjin dialect lacks the retroflex consonants ({{Zh|c=捲舌音|s=|t=|p=|labels=no}}) prevalent in Beijing, not unlike Taiwanese Mandarin. Thus, zh (ㄓ) becomes z (ㄗ), sh (ㄕ) becomes s (ㄙ), ch (ㄔ) becomes c (ㄘ), and r (ㄖ) becomes y (一) — that is, {{Zh|c=人|s=|t=|p=|labels=no}} is pronounced yěn instead of rén, and {{Zh|c=讓|s=|t=|p=|labels=no}} is pronounced yàng (樣) instead of ràng. However, the use of the -er (儿) diminutive is common in Tianjin dialect, as it is throughout the north and northeast. (See: Erhua.) Chinese speakers commonly stereotype the Tianjin dialect as aggressive- or confrontational-sounding, though it is not difficult for speakers of other Mandarin dialects to understand. See also
References1. ^{{cite book | surname1 = Wurm | given1 = Stephen Adolphe | author-link1 = Stephen Wurm | surname2 = Li | given2 = Rong | author-link2 = Li Rong (linguist) | surname3 = Baumann | given3 = Theo | surname4 = Lee | given4 = Mei W. | title = Language Atlas of China | publisher = Longman | year = 1987 | isbn = 978-962-359-085-3 | at = B2 }} {{Chinese language}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tianjin Dialect}}2. ^{{cite book|last=Chen|first=Matthew|title=Tone Sandhi|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=UK|isbn=0-521-652723|pages=105–149}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Bao|first=Zhiming|title=The structure of Tone|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-511880-4|pages=59–61}} 2 : Mandarin Chinese|Culture in Tianjin |
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