| 词条 | Theodor van Eupen |
| 释义 |
|width_style=person |name= Theodor van Eupen |birth_date= 24 April 1907 |death_date= {{death date and age|1944|12|14|1907|4|24|df=y}} |birth_place= Düsseldorf, Germany |death_place= Lipówka, near Jędrzejów, Poland*.[1] |image = Treblinka I Arbeitslager 2-12-1941.jpg |caption = Announcement about the founding of Treblinka Arbeitslager run by Eupen |nickname= |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch= Schutzstaffel (SS) |serviceyears= |rank=Sturmbannführer |commands=Deputy commandant of Treblinka extermination camp |unit=SS-Totenkopfverbände |awards= |laterwork= |spouse = |parents = |children = }}Theodor van Eupen (24 April 1907 – 14 December 1944) was a member of the SS of Nazi Germany. A Holocaust perpetrator, he served as the commandant of the Treblinka I forced-labour camp (Arbeitslager) in occupied Poland during its entire course of operation. Unlike the parallel Treblinka extermination camp (Treblinka II) subordinate to the Operation Reinhard authorities in Berlin, Treblinka I was controlled by the SS and Police Leader in Warsaw.[2] The labour camp was liquidated on 23 July 1944, ahead of the Soviet advance. By then, more than half of its cumulative number of some 20,000 inmates had died from summary executions, hunger, disease and mistreatment.[3] The regular workforce consisted of 1,000–2,000 prisoners, terrorized by staff of about a dozen SS-men and 100 Wachmänner guards.[4] CareerBorn in Düsseldorf, Eupen received a law degree before World War II similar to other notable members of the Nazi Party such as Hans Frank, head of the semi-colonial General Government.[4][6] Eupen joined the Schutzstaffel with the card number 4528. After the invasion of Poland he was promoted to the position of Commandant of Treblinka I in the summer of 1941, ahead of the camp's official founding which took place in November 1941. He supervised the building of barracks as well as barbed wire fencing {{convert|2|m}} tall, around the perimeter.[4] Treblinka I was a gravel quarry equipped with heavy machinery, essential to the production of concrete and road construction. Before the German occupation, the mega quarry was owned by the Polish industrialist Marian Łopuszyński who built a railway track connecting the mine with Małkinia–Sokołów Podlaski junction. Setting up a penal colony there was the idea of Sturmbannführer Ernst Gramss who first ran it as his own personal business venture in occupied Poland. The quarry became vital during the German attack on the Soviet Union, supplying gravel for the strategic road-building programme around the German–Soviet border.[5][9] Eupen was in charge of Treblinka I officially from 15 November 1941 (date of the camp's founding by Warsaw SS Governor Dr. Ludwig Fischer), until its closing on 23 July 1944. He worked closely with the SS and police commandanture in Warsaw during the deportation of Jews to the gas chambers of Treblinka II in early 1943, in order to have the slave labour brought to him from the Warsaw Ghetto for necessary replacements. He claimed to have been a German-Dutch aristocrat and liked to have his wife and two little sons visit him in occupied Poland. Eupen was feared even by his own SS subordinates penalized by being sent to the Eastern Front for even the smallest infractions. He arranged to have a garden built by his house with a pond and water fowl.[5] Reportedly well-mannered,[5] Eupen nevertheless had a reputation of a notorious sadist who often personally executed prisoners,[6] "taking shots at them, as if they were partridges" wrote Franciszek Ząbecki, the Polish station master.[9] Prisoners who worked 12- to 14-hour shifts received watery soup for breakfast, similar soup for lunch, and the roasted-grain beverage with rye bread for supper, each loaf shared by the 10 of them. During the liquidation of the camp, some 500–700 inmates were executed by the SS in the forest, and all structures were burned to the ground.[5] Eupen's luck ended shortly thereafter. He was killed by Polish partisans near Jędrzejów in mid December 1944,[7] ambushed on the road. He jumped out of the car and ran on foot as far as Lipówka village where he crawled under a pile of hay. The partisans machine-gunned his hiding place and learned who he was only from the documents they found on his corpse.[5] References1. ^Stefan Sokołowski, Dzielnica "Nida", Feniks Koszalin, 1994, s.166 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005193 |title=Treblinka |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2010 |accessdate=20 November 2013 |author=Holocaust Encyclopedia |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805133154/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005193 |archivedate=5 August 2011 |format=Internet Archive |publication-place=Washington, D.C.}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://obozyzaglady.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/noz.pdf |title=Więźniowie obozu zagłady w Treblince |trans-title=Prisoners of Treblinka death camp |publisher=Uniwersytet Warszawski, Instytut Stosowanych Nauk Społecznych (Warsaw University Institute of Social Sciences) |work=Nazistowskie Obozy Zagłady. Opis i próba analizy zjawiska (Nazi extermination camps. Analysis) |year=2002 |accessdate=15 December 2013 |author=Maranda, Michał |pages=160–161 |language=Polish |isbn=83-915036-6-6}} 4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qlvzyEieyQC&lpg=PA1906&vq=van%20Eupen&dq=%22Dirlewanger%2C%20Oskar%20(1895%E2%80%931945)%22&pg=PT26#v=snippet&q=%22Nazi%20Party%22%20%22lawyer%22&f=false |title=Who's Who in Nazi Germany |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |accessdate=20 November 2013 |author=Robert S. Wistrich |format=Google Books search inside |isbn=113641388X}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Citation |ref=harv |last1=Kopówka |first1=Edward |author-link1=Edward Kopówka |last2=Rytel-Andrianik |first2=Paweł | title=Treblinka II – Obóz zagłady |trans-title=Monograph, chapt. 3: Treblinka II Death Camp |language=Polish |url=http://echomatkibozejniepokalaniepoczetej.com/embnp/pages/assets/files/2011-09/dam_ime_na_wieki.pdf | publisher=Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe [The Drohiczyn Scientific Society] | work=Dam im imię na wieki [I will give them an everlasting name. Isaiah 56:5] |year=2011 |accessdate=9 September 2013 |isbn=978-83-7257-496-1 |format=PDF file, direct download 20.2 MB |quote=with list of Catholic rescuers of Jews imprisoned at Treblinka, selected testimonies, bibliography, alphabetical indexes, photographs, English language summaries, and forewords by Holocaust scholars. |pages=37–39, 42, 54, 60 }} 6. ^1 {{Cite web |ref=harv |url=http://www.diapositive.pl/treblinka.htm |title=Treblinka |publisher=Adam Mickiewicz Institute |work=Diapositive.pl online Holocaust museum. Jewish Identity and Culture in Poland |year=2013 |accessdate=31 October 2013 |last=Cywiński |first=Piotr | authorlink=Piotr Cywiński |quote=See also: Camps: Typological Differences.}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/labour%20camps/arclabourcamps.html |title=SS-Sturmbannfuhrer Theodor van Eupen |publisher=Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team |work=Labour Camps – Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka |year=2007 |accessdate=20 November 2013 |author=S.J., H.E.A.R.T}}
8 : Treblinka extermination camp personnel|1907 births|1944 deaths|People from Düsseldorf|German military personnel killed in World War II|Deaths by firearm in Poland|SS-Sturmbannführer|Nazi lawyers |
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